IsiHebheru Yiddish - yini umehluko? IsiHebheru alfabhethi Yiddish

Ukuze endlebeni ongaqeqeshiwe Russian isiHebheru womuntu futhi Yiddish - nezilandiso, omunye angase athi, ngisho omqondofana. Kodwa ingabe kuwukuphela kwesinyathelo, futhi uyini umehluko? IsiHebheru Yiddish - izilimi ezimbili akhulunywa amaJuda, kodwa ihluke nomunye futhi yobudala kanye nemvelaphi, futhi ukusetshenziswa sphere, nabanye abaningi. Lesi sihloko sigxile kakhulu umehluko oyinhloko phakathi izinhlelo ezimbili zolimi. Kodwa okokuqala kudingeka anikeze incazelo jikelele zombili lezi zilimi.

umsuka Hebrew

It ngempela omunye izilimi endala lesintu. It kungokwalabo iqembu zamaSemite. Mayelana kwaqala kungekho ukuvumelana phakathi mlando. Abanye bathi wehlukaniswa ulimi enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-legatsha leqembu zamaSemite, okuyinto ukubhalisa Ugarit, amaKhanani nesiAramu, ithola uzibuse ngo XIII BC leminyaka Igama elithi "lwamaSemite" livela igama uShemi - luka-uNowa lasendulo, futhi kusukela lapho kuye kwaba khona abantu, ukukhuluma ngezilimi oshiwo ngenhla. Kodwa lokhu nje umbono ocatshangelwayo, ngoba ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi lezi zilimi sake linye, kungekho. Kunalokho, ngokuvumelana walondoloza izikhumbuzo lasendulo ebhaliwe, lezi zilimi zibonakala njengoba ephelele futhi bakheké ngokuphelele, alikho komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane.

Hebrew - siwulimi olukhulunywa abantu?

Uma sithembela elingcwelisa EmiBhalweni YesiHebheru, isiHeberu sasendulo ukuma kwadingeka ukukhuluma yena kaShemi, uNowa uyise, ngisho umuntu wokuqala emhlabeni - Adamu. Kungani? Ngoba ukudideka sezilimi kwaba ngesijeziso sokungalaleli kuya abantu ababehlala eBhabhiloni lasendulo, njengoba uShemi nenzalo yakhe babephakathi lezi zihlubuki, kusobala ukuthi ulimi lwabo ayikashintshi futhi isekhona kuze kumJuda kuqala - Abrahama.

Yiddish - ngolimi abakwazi ukuqhosha ubudala onjalo, esanda kutholakala.

Amarekhodi bokuqala ebhaliwe

Yiqiniso, lesiHeberu elisho nomlando wakhe omude, uye washintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye zeBhayibheli, okuthiwa iTestamente elidala, kwalotshwa ikakhulukazi ngesimo ngolimi lwesiHebheru esikhathini kusuka xv by V leminyaka BC Futhi idokhumenti esiyinhloko ekutadisheni ifomu wokuqala wesiHebheru. Found izinkulungwane zemibhalo yesandla izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, lapho ungakwazi ukulandelela ukulungiswa ngokubhala izincwadi.

NemiBhalo njengoba izikhumbuzo ebhaliwe inkathi efanayo kangako. Phakathi kwabo Gezersky ikhalenda izinyanga kanye nencazelo yomsebenzi yezolimo (X leminyaka BC), lo mSamariya ezindengezini VIII BC leminyaka futhi okufanayo, asuke eLakishi, eziphathelene BC VI kwekhulu, kanye izikhathi LaseSilowama Umbhalo kaHezekiya.

ungafunda kusukela lezi zincwadi zomlando mayelana uhlelo semantic nokuhlelwa kolimi amalimi isikhathi, ukukhula kwawo phakathi naleso sikhathi. Kungenzeka futhi umkhondo ukuthi kwakukhona isibalo ezithile amazwi lathathwa Akkad, isi-Aramu-Arabhu, zifakwe ngolimi lwesiHebheru.

Yiddish akusho ukuziqhayisa imibhalo yasendulo enjalo, njengoba emakhulwini eminyaka ke wawungekho. Wabonakala kamuva kakhulu.

Hebrew: ukuqhubeka

Sonke lesi sikhathi lo wesiHebheru owawusetshenziswa kulimi etemlomo nalabhalwako. Kwakuwusuku ulimi kuphela yokuxhumana kwansuku zonke.

Kodwa isimo saqala ukushintsha kule BC II ekhulwini Hebrew saphela olimini olukhulunywayo. Manje isetshenziswa kuphela ngenjongo yokukhulekela. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, wahlala namanje, nakuba uye washintsha abanye. indima ebalulekile lokhu kwafeza ababhali umbhalo zeTestamente Elidala bazibize amaMasorete.

Iqiniso lokuthi ngolimi lwesiHebheru kukhona omunye isici esithakazelisayo: amagama isiHebheru zalotshelwa nge ungwaqa eyodwa kuphela futhi onkamisa zifakwa ngisho nalapho inqubo yokufunda. Kodwa ekugcineni, lapho-Hebrew baba aphume endlini, futhi, ngokufanelekile, inkulumo Jewish kwakuzwakala sazikhohlwa, izizukulwane ezintsha ukhohlwe ukulibiza amanye amagama, ngoba angiboni, lokho kubalulekile ukuze ungeze onkamisa. Futhi lezi amaMasorete owasungula uhlelo yonkamisa - unkamisa izimpawu umsindo wamazwi awuzange uvele phakade. Yileyondlela lwesiHebheru wakwazi ukusinda kuze kufike osukwini lwethu. Nakuba njengoba ukukhulumile cishe akazange asebenzise kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Kwakuwusuku ulimi yokukhulekela, izincwadi, journalism.

Lapho ubheka ikusasa, singasho ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule njengoba igama eyayivame esetshenziswa Yiddish - ulimi amaJuda Europe.

Kodwa nge ukuvuselelwa uMbuso Wakwa-Israyeli ngo-1948, isiHebheru siwulimi olusemthethweni isimo. Kube ukunyakaza esekela ukwethulwa isiHebheru ku yonke imikhakha yempilo. Kodwa umgomo oyinhloko okwakuyiyo ukuphindela olimini lokuqala ngolimi olukhulunywa. Futhi kungcono simangaliso senzeka. Ulimi ukuthi kwaba bookish phakathi nekhulu le-18, kuzwakala futhi ezitaladini, ezitolo, ngesikhathi izifundo esikoleni.

zamagama Hebrew

Ngokuthakazelisayo, isiHebheru incwadi square wakhonza njengephayona ngesisekelo zokubhala kokubili izilimi okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko. Kodwa uyini umehluko? IsiHebheru Yiddish ngempela isethi ezifanayo izinhlamvu. isipelingi Modern zase zihleliwe ngemva kokuthunjwa eBabiloni (VI ekhulwini BC). Izincwadi ezitholakala lokubhala sikwele. Ngezansi zamagama kanye onkamisa. Izinhlamvu ahlelwe imodeli European - kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla. Ngakwesokudla ibekwe unkamisa.

Futhi Yiddish, futhi zamagama isiHebheru ehlanganisa 22 izinhlamvu ngokuthi ungwaqa, (ngoba lezincwadi amelela ongwaqa kuphela), akanayo izincwadi ehlukile onkamisa. Kodwa ngo onkamisa isiHebheru ngezinye izikhathi kwengezelwe lula ukufunda, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni. Lokhu ikakhulukazi siphathelene zezingane noma izincwadi zenkolo. Ngo ngokukhala Yiddish efanayo yini. Lona omunye umehluko oyinhloko lapho ubhala izincwadi. Nasi isibonelo zamagama e-Yiddish, lapho izincwadi ahlelwe kusukela kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele.

umsuka Yiddish

Lolu limi angabhekwa abasha kuqhathaniswa nomakhelwane bayo. It ludabuka ezindaweni XX-XIV eminyaka eMpumalanga eYurophu Ephakathi. Kusekelwe weza zezigodi isichazamazwi High isiJalimane, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - kanye yolimi lwanamuhla-German. Cishe ingxenye yesihlanu yezwe nesilulumagama - lesiHeberu elifanayo, futhi omunye 15% wemagama labhalwa Slavic. Ngamagama alula, Yiddish - kuba ziyinhlanganisela yemibhalo zamaSemite, uthi zamaJalimane kanye Slavic izinhlelo zolimi. Kodwa alfabhethi Yiddish akuhlukile lwesiHebheru.

amazwi amaningi izimpande isiJalimane, futhi unikeza wakhiwa kusetshenziswa lolimi German. amazwi Yiddish mkhombe waqonda njengoba lwesigodi we ulimi German. Akumangalisi ukuthi wonke amagama anzima lokuqala Yiddish kubhekwe, futhi akumele kubonwe njengendlela ulimi ehlukile, noma ngisho nolimi lwesigodi.

Yiddish ekwandeni endaweni

Yena, yebo, akuyona njengoba wonke njengoba lowo of esincintisana yayo - isiHebheru. Yiddish amaJuda kuphela ngaphakathi Europe ethi. Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba singasetshenziswa.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi emazweni ase-European ke ukhuluma abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11, ngokusemthethweni, kwezinye zazo wabonwa njengoba ulimi ephelele kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-izingalo SSR isi-Byelorussian, umbhalo "Basebenzi wonke amazwe, hlanganani!" Wawuthi e-Belarusian, isiRashiya, isi-Polish futhi Yiddish. Futhi, nguye, hhayi isiHebheru elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe izilimi ezisemthethweni Ukraine SSR ngo-1917.

Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igama lesiHebheru bamxosha ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Okwaba nomthelela omkhulu kulokhu? Okokuqala, lesi sikhulu ulimi Israyeli wamemezela ngesiHebheru; yesibili, iningi lamaJuda 'wakhuluma Yiddish, zabulawa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, endaweni lwesithathu, kuyinto isiHebheru ulimi yamaJuda abahlala eZweni Lesithembiso.

umehluko

Ngakho, esekelwe wonke amaqiniso angenhla kwalezi zilimi ezimbili, uyini umehluko? IsiHebheru Yiddish ezinye umehluko oyisisekelo. Nampa:

• AngamaHebheru ukuba ayizinkulungwane eziningana abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-Yiddish.
• Hebrew libhekisela kuphela ukuba wezilimi zamaSemite, uthi futhi ngesisekelo Yiddish, ngaphandle zamaSemite, uthi kukhona isiJalimane, futhi izimpande Slavic.
• Umbhalo Yiddish sasibhalwa ngaphandle konkamisa.
• Hebrew kuvamile kakhulu.

abezindaba Australia, onolwazi futhi yena nabanye ulimi bangachazela kangcono umehluko. IsiHebheru Yiddish kuningi esifana, kodwa umehluko omkhulu cishe ngeke ku silulumagama nobe luhlelo lwelulwimi, futhi imigomo yokusetshenziswa. Yilokho isaga bukhona phakathi amaJuda Europe iminyaka engu-100 edlule ngakho, "kusho uNkulunkulu e-Yiddish ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, futhi ngesiHebheru -. NgoMgqibelo" Khona-ke, isiHebheru sasiwulimi kuphela izinto zenkolo, futhi wonke wakhuluma Yiddish. Awu, manje isimo sesishintshile e okuphambene.