Iphoyisa - lokhu kuyinto umnakekeli ngokwethembeka oda

"Iphoyisa" - izwi uvele isichazamazwi ka abakhileyo Empire Russian ngo-1862. Inchazelo kusasebenza kuze 1917. Kuyinto amaphoyisa isikhundla aphansi.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la maphoyisa

Ngo-1862, izinguquko eziphawulekayo waqala ukuthatha indawo eRussia. Lesi yisikhathi lapho ukuqedwa serfdom. Konke kwaqala ukukhula nokuthuthukisa: edolobheni futhi umkhakha. Abantu babe nomuzwa ofana ovulekile.

Kodwa ngenkathi ushintsho afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye wobuphoyisa, njengoba isikhathi esinjalo kuyaqabukela onokuthula. A izinguquko amaphoyisa. Manje umsebenzi wayo lwalungahileli umbango. Umsebenzi oyinhloko umzimba wathi isibe kulondolozwe komphakathi kanye isimo amaphoyisa iye kakhulu lenyuka.

Umlondolozi entsha oda futhi injalo

Phoyisa zazinikezwe uhlobo oluthile ihlobo nobusika. Ehlobo, ifake:

• ezimhlophe zelineni ingubo ngaphandle emaphaketheni;
• ingubo emhlophe;
• ibhande;
• ibhulukwe;
• cap.

umsebenzi Winter izingubo lalinabashumayeli:

• ingubo yoboya;
• ibhulukwe ofudumalayo;
• merlushkovutoy round isigqoko ebusika.

Iphoyisa - lokhu ngokuvamile lempi osethathe umhlalaphansi. Emahlombe bona zibukisa ezizibeni esiphambanweni. Ayefaka imivimbo sika, abaseBhayibhelini abakhuluma ngokuphela esizifanele isikhundla kwezempi. I ukuze Eqinisweni, lapho isikhundla amaphoyisa kungokwalabo umqaphi oda, wathi intambo orange izindandatho libhalwe. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu gombochkami.

Iphoyisa iphoyisa, kwadingeka ukwenyuselwa amaholo, egqoke eyodwa indandatho, maphakathi - amabili nangaphezulu - ezintathu. Treasury esabelwe ukuhlomisa unogada ngayinye ingamamitha angaba ngu-25 ama-ruble angu ngonyaka.

Indawo okuthunyelwe amaphoyisa

Ngalezo zinsuku kwakungekho ama, omakhalekhukhwini noma ke kuphela uma u-talkies. Futhi ukuze uhlale uthintana, amaphuzu ukuthi kwaku amaphoyisa kwadingeka ukuba ngaphakathi umugqa ifihlekile.

At ngamunye okuthunyelwe abantu abathathu esemsebenzini. Futhi bonke onogada edolobheni kathathu obukhulu kunobukaJohane edolobheni edingekayo. Ngamunye amaphoyisa amane ngu wayala enye abaphezulu.

Ukudla okuvamile amaphoyisa usuku eRussia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso

Ekuseni baqala neqiniso ukuthi "ideskithophu drive" wenza labo ebambekile ebusuku. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kubo kuvame olunikezwa labo empeleni bophezela cala. Zonke ezinye bathathwa inxiba nokungaqiniseki. Le nkampani wakwazi futhi usathola abantu osolisayo ngaphandle kwemibhalo. Uma ukholwa ukuthi izibalo yaleyo minyaka, ngo-1917 ngokusebenzisa "Drayivu Area" wathatha indawo 71 eziyinkulungwane. Man. Futhi wonke umuntu owayesebenza esiteshini samaphoyisa, ehlanganisa amarekhodi.

Njengoba leli phoyisa - ungumuntu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungase uqale nilwe isigebengu, ngoba asungula izindlela ezikhethekile ukulwa bengahlomile. Mthetho ye-oda angazanga kontrpriemov futhi ayikwazanga ukumelana.

bertilonazh

Alfon Bertillon ngo-1883 wasungula inqubo efana bertilonazh. Le ncazelo anthropometric ebambekile wenziwa isiteshi samaphoyisa. Indlela usizo olukhulu ucinge iziboshwa eyaphunyuka uphinda izaphula-mthetho. abezempi laseSoviet yaphetha sebenzisa izindlela bobukhosi wobunxiwankulu, futhi lonke ifayela kwashiswa 1917.

Bertilonazh kuhlanganisiwe fingerprinting nevolumu nesilinganiso ikhanda, ukuphakama, unyawo obuphelele, izandla, iminwe. Bertillon wabonisa ukuthi ubukhulu izingxenye ezithile zomzimba abantu kungenzeka okufanayo, kodwa isithombe esisitholayo uyohlale ezahlukene.

Njengoba amaphoyisa aqapha abantu abaye balahlekelwa umsebenzi

Iphoyisa - lena iphoyisa wanyamalala ngemuva kokufika amaBolshevik. Lenin, umholi belungiselela inguquko ngokuthi kubantu abasha, abafundi abuthele ngamaqembu futhi ukubamba esitokisini, kuhlanganise lackeys kwabo onxiwankulu. Phakathi izibhelu ngo-1917, kokuhlwithwa esixukwini esithukuthele ngowokuqala baphuthuma ukushaya amaphoyisa.

Esikhundleni amaphoyisa eSoviet Union wafika amaphoyisa. Kusukela ngesikhathi okwaphuma ngaso ekuphileni kwansuku zonke umusho "Iphoyisa Japanese".

Ngubani iphoyisa Japanese?

"Iphoyisa Japanese" - isisho lidlulisela ukumangala okukhulu, eyabonakala ngenxa umbhali Nikolayu Leykinu. Yena 1905 eshicilelwe indaba "The Case Kyoto" okusolakala ku-oda yabalindi Japanese owabona ingane kokuziklinya emfuleni akaphinda wamsiza, lokhu engenandodana oda abaziphethe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kube khona impi Russian-Japanese, imisebenzi obhuqayo kwakuyinto yansuku zonke, kodwa incazelo Japanese onogada ukuze ngakho kakhulu kwaqondana isithombe amaphoyisa isiRashiya, yingakho mkhiqizo kamuva iyawenqabela ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi.

Ngenkathi iphoyisa Tsarist Russia - indoda eyayike yaba sebuthweni lezempi, nde futhi iyinhle, washada njalo, kuyinto efiselekayo izingane eziningi. Lo muntu zokuziphatha, ngubani ngenhlonipho ziyonenza amazwi afana inkampani zokudakwa, instigate elwa, umnumzana abacebile owaliphonsa usikilidi wakhe i isitsha.