Iphi i-leukocyte inabantu?

Umzimba wethu uyinto emangalisayo. Iyakwazi ukukhiqiza zonke izinto ezidingekayo empilweni, ukubhekana nobuningi bama-virus namagciwane, futhi ekugcineni, kusinikeza impilo evamile.

Iphi i-leukocyte inabantu?

Igazi lomuntu liqukethe izinto ezifanako kanye ne-plasma. I-leukocytes ingenye yalezi zinto ezifanelwe kanye namaseli abomvu nama-platelet. Azinambala, anesiko futhi angahamba ngokuzimela. Bangabonwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope kuphela emva kokugqoka kuqala. Ezingxenyeni ezenza isimiso somzimba somzimba, lapho i-leukocyte ikhiwa khona, iphuma egazini nasezicukwaneni zomzimba. Bangaphinde bahambe ngokukhululekile kusuka ezitsheni eziya kumathisini akhona.

Ama-leukocytes ahamba ngendlela elandelayo. I-Fixed odongeni lomkhumbi, i-leukocyte yakha i-pseudopodia (i-pseudopod), engena kulolu donga iphinde ibambelele ngaphandle kwesikhumba. Khona-ke ucindezela i-gap eyakhelwe futhi iqhubekele phambili phakathi kwamanye amangqamuzana omzimba, eholele "indlela yokuphila" yokuphila. Ukuhamba kwabo kufana nokuhamba kwe-amoeba (isakhi esincane se-unicellular esivela ku-protozoan discharge).

Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-leukocytes

Naphezu kokufana kwama-leukocyte ane-amoebas, benza imisebenzi enzima kakhulu. Imisebenzi yabo eyinhloko ukuvikela umzimba kusuka kumagciwane ahlukene namabhaktheriya, ukubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana abulalayo. I-leukocyte ixosha amabhaktheriya, iyigqugquzele futhi ibhubhise. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-phagocytosis, okuyiLatini isho "ukudla okuthile ngamaseli." Kunzima kakhulu ukubhubhisa igciwane. Ngesifo, amagciwane ahlala ngaphakathi kwamaseli omzimba womuntu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uwafinyelele, amaseli egazi amhlophe adinga ukubhubhisa amaseli anamagciwane. Amangqamuzana abulalayo nawo awonakalisa ama-leukocytes.

Iphi i-leukocyte eyakhiwe futhi bangaki abahlala kuyo?

Ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi yabo, i-leukocyte eminingi ifa, ngakho umzimba uhlale ubala. Ama-leukocyte akhiwa ezithombeni ezifaka amasosha omzimba omzimba: ku- thymus gland, umnkantsha wamathambo, ama-lymph nodes, ama-tonsils, i-spleen nama-lymphoid formations emathunjini (ku-Peyer's patches). Lezi zitho zikhona ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomzimba. Umnkantsha wamathambo uyindawo futhi lapho kutholakala khona ama-leukocyte, amaplatelets, ama-erythrocytes. Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-leukocytes ahlala cishe izinsuku ezingu-12. Kodwa-ke, ezinye zazo zifa ngokushesha kakhulu, okwenzekayo lapho zilwa namabhaktheriya amaningi anonya. Ama-leukocyte alahlekile angabonakala uma kubonakala sengathi i-pus ibonakala, imele ukuxubana kwabo. Ukuzithatha esikhundleni sezingxenye eziphathelene nesistimu yomzimba, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ama-leukocyte, amaseli amasha aphuma futhi aqhubeke nokubhubhisa amabhaktheriya.

Kanye nalokhu phakathi kwama-T-lymphocytes kukhona amangqamuzana enkumbulo ye-immunological ehlala emashumini eminyaka. Kwakukhona i-lymphocyte, isibonelo, nge-monster efana ne-Ebola fever virus - uzoyikhumbula impilo. Uma uphinde uhlangana nalesi sifo, i-lymphocytes iguqulwa ibe yi-lymphoblast enkulu, enekhono lokuphindaphinda ngokushesha. Bese baba ababulali be-lymphocyte (amangqamuzana abulalayo), okuvimbela ukufinyelela emzimbeni wegciwane eliyingozi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-immunity ekhona kulesi sifo.

I-leukocyte ifunda kanjani ngokusungulwa kwegciwane emzimbeni?

Emangqamuzaneni omuntu ngamunye kunesimiso se-interferon, esiyingxenye yesifo sokuzivikela esingenasifo. Lapho igciwane litholwa emzimbeni, i-interferon ikhiqizwa - iprotheni evikela amaseli angakafiki ekungeneni kwamagciwane kuwo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-interferon ivuselela i-lymphocytes, ababulali, okuyinto yezinhlobo ze-leukocyte. Ukusuka emnothweni we-bone, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ama-leukocyte, baya emangqamuzaneni anesifo bese bewabhubhisa. Kulesi simo, ezinye amagciwane kanye neziqephu zawo ziphuma kumaseli abhujisiwe. Ama-virus ahlile azama ukungena kumaseli angakafiki, kodwa i-interferon ivikela lawa maseli kusukela ekusungulweni kwawo. Ama-virus angaphandle kwamaseli awaphephile futhi afa ngokushesha.

Ukulwa namagciwane nge-interferon system

Esikhathini sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amagciwane afunde ukucindezela uhlelo lwe-interferon, oluyingozi kakhulu kubo. Umthelela omkhulu wokucindezela kuye unamachiza omkhuhlane. Okudlukisayo nakakhulu lolu hlelo lwesifo somuntu sokuzivikela komzimba (i-HIV). Kodwa-ke, wonke amarekhodi aqhekeza igciwane le-Ebola, elivimbela cishe uhlelo lwe-interferon, okwenza umzimba ungabi namandla okuzivikela phambi kwenani elikhulu lamagciwane nama-bacterium. Kusuka ku-pleen, i-lymph nodes nezinye izitho zamasosha omzimba, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona i-leukocyte, amangqamuzana amasha ayavela. Kodwa, engazange athole isignali mayelana nokubhujiswa kwegciwane, ayisebenzi. Kulesi simo, umzimba womuntu uqala ukubola, kudala izinto eziningi ezinobuthi, imithwalo yegazi idwenguliwe, futhi umuntu uphepha. Ukufa ngokuvamile kuvame ngesonto lesibili lesi sifo.

Futhi uma kune-immunity?

Uma umuntu ephulukile kwesinye isifo noma esesitholile, unesifo esithathelwanayo esitholile, esihlinzekwa ngama-leukocyte angamaqembu ama-T-lymphocytes nama-B-lymphocytes. Lezi-leukocyte zakhiwa emnkantsheni wamathambo ezivela kumangqamuzana omzimba. Igciwane lesandulela ngculaza liyakhula emva kokugoma. Lezi zymphocytes ziyazi kahle igciwane eliye lasemzimbeni, ngakho ukubulala kwabo kuhlose. Igciwane cishe alikwazi ukunqoba le nkinga enamandla.

Ama-lymphocytes abulala kanjani amangqamuzana abe yingozi?

Ngaphambi kokuba ubulale inqolobane eyingozi, udinga ukuyithola. Ababulali be-Lymphocyte bafuna ukuthungatha lawa maseli ngokungakhathali. Ziqondiswa yi-okuthiwa i-hertocompatibility antigens (ama-antigens ahambisanayo nezicubu) ezisekhanda elincane. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma igciwane lingene esitokisini, khona-ke le seli lizozibulala futhi njengoba liphonsela "ifulegi elimnyama", libonisa ukusungulwa kwegciwane kuyo. Leli "bendera elimnyama" lwazi mayelana negciwane elisetshenzisiwe, elisesimo seqembu lama-molecule eseduze ne-hertocompatibility antigens. Lolu lwazi "lubonakala" ngumbulali we-lymphocyte. Lekhono aluthola ngemuva kokuqeqesha e-thymus gland. Ukulawula phezu kwemiphumela yokufunda kunzima kakhulu. Uma i-lymphocyte ingafundile ukuhlukanisa iseli eliphilile elivela esigulini, yona ngokwayo ingaphansi kokubhujiswa. Ngendlela enzima kangaka, kuphela u-2% wabantu ababulalayo i-lymphocytes ababulala, okushiya i-thymus gland ukuvikela umzimba emangqamuzaneni ayingozi. Lapho i-lymphocyte isungula ngokucacile ukuthi iseli isifo, ikwenza kube "umjovo obulalayo", futhi iseli lifa.

Ngakho-ke, i-leukocyte idlala indima enkulu ekuvikeleni umzimba emagciwane kanye namaseli abulalayo. Lawa angamaqhawe amancane angenakukwazi ukuzivikela ezivikelo eziyisisekelo zomzimba - uhlelo lwe-interferon kanye ne-immunity. Babulawa kakhulu empini, kodwa kusukela ehlathini, amantombazane, amathanga, amathambo namanye amasistimu omzimba omzimba, lapho i-leukocytes ifaka kubantu, inqotshwa yizinqamuzana eziningi ezisanda kusungulwa zilungele, njengalabo abandulela ngaphambili, ukudela izimpilo zabo egameni Ilondoloza umzimba womuntu. Ama-leukocytes ahlinzeka ngokusinda kwethu endaweni egcwele inani elikhulu lama-bacteria ahlukene namagciwane.