Thymus (thymus). Thymus - isakhiwo. Thymus - Indawo

Namuhla sizokutshela ngalokho kuba thymus (thymus). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyofunda indlela bamba ithambo esidunjini, wathi: yini imisebenzi lwenziwa futhi lapho likhona.

Uhlolojikelele

Thymus (thymus) - umzimba zabantu lymphopoiesis, kanye nezilwane eziningi. Kwenzeka immunological "ukuqeqeshwa", nokuvuthwa kanye kwamangqamuzana ka-T-amaseli kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni.

ukubukeka umzimba

Thymus (thymus) - kuyinto yayincane umzimba nge ukungaguquguquki esithambile, kokuba umbala Pinkish-grey ngenhloso ngaphandle Lobed. Ngo izinsana Ubukhulu bayo are banzi mayelana 4 cm, 5 - ubude futhi 6 - e ukujiya. Thymus ezinganeni kungaba isisindo mayelana 15-17 amagremu.

Ukuphakama yomzimba kudlulela ekuqaleni nezingokomzwelo zokuthomba. Phakathi nale nkathi Ubukhulu bayo ukufinyelela ezifana amanani esiphezulu: kufika 7.5 cm ububanzi 16 - ubude. isisindo salo kungaba 20-38 amagremu.

Njengoba bekhula thymus (thymus) nolimi bangase babe yoma, kanti lapho esekhulile akahlukile ezungezile okunamafutha izicubu. Eminyakeni 75, nenqwaba unomzimba onjalo kuyinto 6 kuphela amagremu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa umbala waso. Lokhu kungenxa ukwanda bukhona amaseli amanoni stroma. Ngakho, le ndlala thymus iba phuzi ngaphezulu.

Indlala thymus: indawo emzimbeni womuntu

Thymus phezulu esifubeni. Usendlini nje ngemuva breastbone. Phambi umzimba eduze nalokho sternum ezingeni lesi-4 uqwanga costal, kanye lesikhumba. Ngemva kwakhe uthinte esifundeni engenhla pericardium, ehlanganisa izingxenye zokuqala Umthambo yamaphaphu futhi le-aorta, le brachiocephalic kwesokunxele Vienna kanye lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi kukhona pleura mediastinal.

Isakhiwo somzimba

Manje uyazi ukuthi i-thymus. Isakhiwo saleli umzimba, sicabanga manje. Kubantu, liqukethe a 2-iyizingxenye, spliced komunye nomunye noma eduze eduze. Ingxenye engezansi thymus libanzi, kanti phezulu, kunalokho, lincane kakhulu. Isigxobo engenhla somzimba kakhulu okusikhumbuza imfoloko enamazinyo amabili. Empeleni, yingakho igama layo.

Kasibili umzimba wonke embozwe capsule ekhethekile, okuyinto yakhiwa izicubu obukhulu (zezinzwa). Dedani jumper yakhe ukujula. Kuhlukanisa thymus zibe tincetu.

Lymph, igazi ukunikezela innervation

Igazi eligciniwe isitho lisuselwa amagatsha thymic lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta, Umthambo thoracic (yangaphakathi), futhi isiqu brachiocephalic futhi amagatsha engezansi bese engenhla yegilo imithambo. Ngokuphathelene outflow emithambo yegazi, it is kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa amagatsha brachiocephalic kanye emithanjeni thoracic yangaphakathi.

Lymph ageleza kude thymus kanye lymph parasternal plexus tracheobronchial.

thymus Innervated (umsebenzi walo mzimba uzobe emelelwa ngemuva kwalokhu) kwesokunxele bese amagatsha kwesokudla emsipheni vagus, futhi enozwela, okuyinto zivela kusukela stellate ifindo nozwela futhi engenhla isiqu thoracic ukuthi yakhiwa ezinzwa plexuses ezizungezile izitsha okuphakelayo umzimba.

Isakhiwo izicubu

stroma Thymic siqukethe ngokuphelele epithelium. Diverticula angasuselwa lwesithathu gill lwaleli, bese sikhule mediastinum anterior. Kwezinye izimo, kwakheka stroma isitho is by imicu ezengeziwe (kusuka ngazimbili wesi-4 branchial nemengamo).

Ama-lymphocyte zihlobene hematopoietic stem cells ukuthi adluliselwe isitho isibindi. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwenzeka, senyanga yesibili kuqala.

Endaweni kuqala nezicubu thymus kuyinto ekwandeni amaseli ahlukene igazi. Nakuba ngokushesha umsebenzi walo kuyehla ekwakhekeni T-lymphocyte. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-thymus has a isakhiwo Lobed. Ngo izicubu iyizingxenye ubuchopho ukuhlukanisa futhi cortex. Lesi sakamuva isendaweni azungeze futhi libukeka endaweni emnyama. Futhi e cortex kukhona igazi liphuma kuma-capillary kanye arteriole.

Kumele waphawula ikakhulukazi ukuthi i ingxenye esebenzayo yakhiwa amaseli:

• hematopoietic ohlwini lozalo luka-lymph (ie, T-lymphocyte abavuthiwe);
• haematopoietic macrophage uchungechunge (interdigitiruyuschie futhi dendritic amaseli, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo macrophage).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, cortex kuhlanganisa amaseli Lokudabuka EPITHELIAL, kuhlanganise:

• stellate (thymus secrete i-hormone encibilikayo - thymosin, thymopoietin nezinye elawula inqubo yokukhula, kwamangqamuzana kanye nokuvuthwa-T cell, futhi umsebenzi amaseli ukhulile wamasosha omzimba).
• ukusekela amaseli (ngenxa kubo Kumiswa izicubu "skeleton", futhi bakha isithiyo gematotimusny);
• kletki "ngophethe" nge intussusception, lapho lymphocyte ukuthuthukisa.

Ngaphansi kwalo umzimba capsule yibona T lymphoblasts (fissile). elise kakhulu ukukhula T lymphocyte, okuyinto kancane kancane uthuthele ku ketshezi ebuchosheni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nokuvuthwa yabo kuthatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-20. Kule nkathi kukhona ukwakheka kanye rearrangement zezakhi zofuzo ngamakhodi T-cell yokwamukela. Ngemva kwalokho, ebhekene Ukukhetha (HIV). Ngamanye amazwi, nokuxhumana amaseli EPITHELIAL uqale ukukhetha kuphela "ofanele" lymphocyte, co-receptor futhi TCR.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukukhethwa lymphocyte ezimbi. umngcele isici cerebral Siyangqubuzana. amaseli Lokudabuka monocytic sebeqala ukhethe amaseli bayakwazi uxhumane antigen yomzimba, bese uqale apoptosis yabo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi medulla iqukethe ikakhulukazi T-lymphocyte (yokuvuthwa). Kuyinto lapha ayabashiya egazini axazulule emzimbeni. Ukwakheka yeselula efana uvezwa stellate, ukusekela amaseli EPITHELIAL futhi ama-macrophage. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona corpuscles Hassall futhi efferent kwemigudu ye-lymph.

Thymus: Imisebenzi

Kungani siyidinga le umzimba futhi yini umsebenzi Senza emzimbeni? hormone Thymic ezifana timalin, thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic isici humoral, insulin-like ukukhula factor-1 polypeptides. Uma hypothymism umuntu sizoba, anakho amasosha omzimba ngenxa yokwenqatshwa wawubona wehlise inombolo T-lymphocyte egazini.

Ngakho, kungashiwo ngokuphepha kuqashelwe ukuthi T-lymphocyte e thymus ukuthola izakhiwo yokuthi kunikeza isivikelo amaseli abe umzimba alien (ngenxa yokulimala ehlukahlukene). Ukulahlekelwa ekuqaleni we Imisebenzi esemqoka indlala thymus kungaholela operation ezilimele amasosha omzimba womuntu.

amaseli EPITHELIAL we iyizingxenye thymus ukukhiqiza ihomoni olulawula ushintsho lymphocyte e wathi isitho. Kwezinye izimo, lapho isikhulile kungenzeka ukushintshashintsha ikakhulu amasosha omzimba. Njengomthetho, lokhu kungenxa izinguquko sokugembula e thymus kanye nezinye izitho ze-lymph. Lokhu ukuphambuka sanamuhla imbangela nokufa ngokungalindelekile kwesihlobo isiguli ngesikhathi izinzwa ekuhlinzeni.

Ochwepheshe bathi thymus kuyinto isitho lemcoka amasosha omzimba womuntu.

umthethonqubo

Thymus amahomoni uketshezi yabo kulawulwa glucocorticoids, okungukuthi hormone okuthiwa cortex adrenal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-umsebenzi umzimba wemfanelo interferon, lymphokines nama-interleukin, ekhishwa amaseli ahlukene esimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni.

Okungenzeka isifo thymus

Kungenzeka ukuthi lo umzimba ngaphansi ngeziphambeko ezifana:

• Di Dzhorzhi syndrome;
• Medac syndrome;
• myasthenia gravis (ekuthuthukiseni njengenhlangano isifo ezimele, kodwa ivame ukuhlotshaniswa thymoma).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emzimbeni kuboniswe kungadala izimila ezifana:

• thymoma, thymic kwakhiwa kusukela eyeseli EPITHELIAL;
• T-cell-lymphoma, eliphuma lymphocyte, futhi kokumethemba zabo;
• izimila neuroendocrine;
• izimila pre-T-lymphoblast okuyinto kwesinye isikhathi baba kwasendaweni oyinhloko thymus futhi zikhonjwe ngesimo kokuziphatha omkhulu kule mediastinum, kulandele ukuguqulwa leso ku wegazi;
• isimila ezingavamile (nerve futhi imvelaphi semithambo).

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izimila thymic kungenzeka ibonakalisa syndrome ka endocrine neoplasia uhlobo 1.

Ubani ukuxhumana ngoba inhlolovo?

Uma kukhona izinsolo ukuthi izilonda zenzeka thymus, kufanele uvakashele ngokushesha immunologist futhi oncologist. Ngokusekelwe idatha MRI,-X-ray nakuma-CT scan eyodwa yesifuba, odokotela bangathola ukuthi ogulayo uphethwe yini futhi zibeka ukwelashwa (olandelanayo noma kuhlinzwa).