Inkulumo: inkulumo izindlela. izindlela yokwakheka bokuphila yokukhuluma

Omunye amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo ezikuhlukanisa ukuthuthukiswa yomuntu kusukela isilwane (efana bokuphila kanye ngokwezenhlalo nezingokwengqondo), kuba. Kuyinqubo yokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu ngokusebenzisa ulimi. Ngo umkhuba kwansuku, umqondo "inkulumo" futhi "ulimi" avame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo netemu. Nokho, uma sisondela udaba kusukela iphuzu zesayensi of umbono, imiqondo nalena kumele ibe okhetheke khulu.

nezimiso zolimi

Ulimi isikhali sokuba abantu simiso izimpawu ukukhonza njengoba wokuxhumana womuntu futhi ecabanga (Psychological Dictionary /., Ed. V. Davydova, A. V Zaporozhtsa, B. F. Lomova). It ikhiqizwa inqubo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, emele uhlobo kukhombisa khona kwezenhlalo ezingqondweni ngabanye. Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuthi umuntu uthola ulimi ngomumo, eyasungulwa eside ngaphambi kokuzalwa lokhu umuntu othize. Nokho, ngokuba othwala ulimi, ngesikhathi esifanayo muntu buba umthombo ezingaba yentuthuko.

Isakhiwo ulimi kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

- silulumagama (uhlelo amazwi lutho)

- lolimi (uhlelo amafomu emagama nemisho)

- amafonethiki (ezithile umsindo Ukwakheka, kuphela ngolimi oluthile isici).

ngokucacile semantic ulimi

I ngokucacile eyinhloko ulimi wukuthi kuba isimiso izimpawu, kuvikela wonke amazwi inani elithile. Ngakho, lokho okushiwo sici ejwayelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "umuzi" zingahlanganiswa sebuningini amadolobha athile - kusuka amancane kancane-eyaziwa aya emizini samanje ajwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma senza ebhekisela endaweni ethize (isib, Nizhny Novgorod nePrague), sizokwenza futhi usebenzise umqondo wegama elithi "umuzi", kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kulo kubonisa kahle into okukhulunywa ngakho.

izindlela inkulumo

Kuyinto oluthile ngokomlando athuthukile yokuxhumana yomuntu ngelulwimi (abalulekile ngokwengqondo isichazamazwi / ed. B. G. Mescheryakova futhi VP Zinchenko). Kungaba declarative, isakhiwo interrogative noma isisusa. Ngesikhathi izindlela ezifanayo ngokwengqondo yokukhuluma njengoba uhlelo yokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa ulimi kungekho ayiyona inkimbinkimbi njengamanye ama-izindlela lolulwimi cobo lwalo. Ngo inqubo yokudlulisela yiluphi ulwazi ngosizo yokukhuluma kuyadingeka hhayi kuphela ukukhetha amagama afanele ukuthi zinenani ethize, kodwa futhi esifakiwe yabo. Njengoba wonke amazwi, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kuwukuqhathaniswa nje, umbuzo kumele olugcwele phansi ezingeni umuzwa othile. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Iqhaza eyinhloko okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlunga" kuleli cala kudlala umongo, lapho izwi sifakwe ke. Izindlela yokukhuluma kusukela ohlangothini ezingokwengqondo, ngokulandelana, linganquma imiqondo ezifana umongo, subtext futhi ingxenye ngokomzwelo-indlela abazizwa ngayo.

umongo semantic

Ngakho, ngo-isibonelo sethu, igama elithi "umuzi" Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini esifuna ukukwazi ngaye: "Bekungumuntu onjani edolobheni" Uma umbuzo kuzwakala: "Iphi? Lo muzi", Ngakho-ke, sikhuluma ngezici ngekwendzawo (indawo ku ibalazwe, kanjani, bangaki amakhilomitha, okuyinto eseduze, nokunye. d.). Uma sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo lo mbuzo: "Yini ethakazelisayo lo muzi", bese sikwazi ukukhuluma ezinye ezikhangayo (isib, zomlando, amasiko noma kwezomnotho). Ngakho, umbuzo ngokwaso njengoba ukwakha ulimi ( "yini lena edolobheni") ukungabi khona incazelo futhi kudinga komongo. Ukwakhiwa mongo, esikhundleni salokho, wenziwa inqubo yokukhuluma.

I subtext kwenkulumo

Okubaluleke kakhulu yilokho okuqondiwe umyalezo, ofakelwe ufuna ukudlulisela kulo. Izindlela yokukhuluma, eyenziwa ngaphansi olwalusikisela semantic, ibonisa izici ugqozi izitatimende zethu. Njengoba sazi, akuyena ngaso sonke isikhathi lokho okushiwo yile iqiniso noma ukuthi ibinzana ezisebusweni bawo - ngokuvamile sithi into eyodwa kodwa kusho okunye ngesikhathi esifanayo (zokukhwabanisa, ukuthopha, isifiso ukuhumusha ingxoxo, njll ...).

Isici ngokomzwelo-ekhululekile yokukhuluma

Futhi umehluko okuphawulekayo Umbala ngokomzwelo yokukhuluma ngolimi. Ngokusebenzisa izwi nezincazelo, asigcinanga dlulisa okuqukethwe, ulwazi mayelana negugu - sibonisa ngokusebenzisa inkulumo efanele isimo esingokomzwelo umuntu kulokho okushiwoyo. Lesi sici isici ngokomzwelo futhi ekhululekile yokukhuluma, futhi ezakhiwe ithoni umsindo amagama esetshenziswa ngathi ukuba sisho imishwana ezashiwo is.

Buviyoviyo izindlela inkulumo

ukuthuthukiswa Ulimi njengoba inqubo ephelele ihlanganisa zonke izici sphere ngomlomo umuntu, kuhlanganise buviyoviyo eceleni.

Buviyoviyo uhlangothi - Ihubo (prosody) yokukhuluma - kuhlobene ebumsulweni nasebunyeni, ukunemba nobuhle. Buviyoviyo kudlala indima enkulu ekusimamiseni ukubaluleka amazwi nokuveza ngezinye izikhathi wenza njani umqondo ngephasi ngaphezulu kwamazwi langempela ngokwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ukushaywa tonally ekhululekile ulimi olukhulunywa wamukela kalula, njengoba kuvumela ukugqamisa ezibaluleke kakhulu incazelo semantic ka kusho.

Buviyoviyo indlela kumiswa yokukhuluma kungokwalabo paralinguistic wokuxhumana. Lokhu-non-ngokolimi (non-ngamazwi) amathuluzi kufakwe umlayezo wezwi futhi adluliselwa kanye ngolimi (ngokukhuluma) okusho abezindaba. Abakwazi ihlukaniswe ezintathu izinhlobo (Shevtsova B. B., "sobuchwepheshe kumiswa isici intonational yokukhuluma"):

- phonational (ikakhulukazi ukuphimisela imisindvo, emagama, imisho, uhlaba ikhefu lokubolekwa umsindo);

- Kinetic (ukuthinta, ngibone isimo sobuso bakhe, ukushukuma komzimba);

- Ihluzo (esikhundleni wesandla ikakhulukazi namagama). izindlela Phonational zihlanganisa futhi buviyoviyo.

Buviyoviyo, esikhundleni salokho, kuyinto lamathuluzi umsindo ulimi mkhombe ukuhlela ke, ukwakha semantic phakathi izingxenye umusho, ibinzana nokubika ukubaluleka declarative, interrogative futhi yisibabazo, okuvumela isikhulumi ukuveza imizwa ehlukene. Izindlela zika lokubhala asetjenziswako ukuveza eyodwa noma elinye iphimbo usebenzisa izimpawu zokuloba.

Kumiswa isici intonational yokukhuluma kuthinta izingxenye ezifana Ihubo, ngamazwi, Tempo, isigqi, ukucindezeleka futhi zikhawu.

1. Ihubo

Kuyinto isici esiyinhloko buviyoviyo. Umzwilili kwenkulumo inquma ushintsho imvamisa iphimbo, yembuleka isikhathi (Torsueva IG). Imisebenzi lokuhuba:

- Ukukhetha amaqembu Rhythmic kule isakhiwo kanye syntagmas kusho,

- ukuhlonza izikhathi esiphawuleka kunazo zonke izitatimende,

- ukusondelana izingxenye ngabanye ku lonke kusho,

- sokunquma kuncike isilinganiso ukuba lombhalo okhulunyiwe,

- Inkulumo subtext eyisibonelo shades.

Melodika kusho kwakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa Motifs namanothi amaningi - amayunithi sakugcina izingoma ezihambisana ne uchungechunge onesigqi. Melody noma ngaphezulu izitatimende bakha Motifs ehlukile noma izimpinda ka motif efanayo.

Inkulumo Ihubo nomculo namanothi - akusiwona into efanayo. Inkulumo Ihubo kuyaqabukela ugcina ngisho ithoni, njalo liphuma, bese ewa. Iphinde njalo ukushintsha ngezikhawu yayo kanye amathoni ungenalo isikhathi esithile. Ngokungafani umculo, inkulumo Ihubo alingeni icebo ngesilinganiso esithile zomculo.

Omunye Ihubo ingxenye sokunquma izindlela yokwakheka-bokuphila lwenkulumo imvamisa iphimbo (Choate) - ingxenye ephansi bohlu umsindo okuhambisanayo kwesikhathi oscillation we yezwi. Enkulumweni evamile uma ukhuluma kukhona ushintsho njalo imvamisa eyisisekelo. Njengoba lebanga izinguquko idatha, it is kunqunywa izici ngamunye yokukhuluma indlela isikhulumi esiveza ngayo, kanye angokomzwelo nangokwengqondo inhlalakahle yayo.

Izinqubo bokuphila yokukhuluma maqondana Choate:

- amadoda: 132 Hz,

- Abesifazane: 223 Hz,

- Izingane: 264 Hz.

Njengoba buhluke imisindo ukuphakama, inquma ijubane kunyakaza we vocal emphethweni umuntu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, lo mshini isizukulwane kwenkulumo ngenxa kunyakaza folds incike nemingcele ezifana ijubane ukugeleza komoya edabula glottis; glottis ububanzi; kuyaqina ezingeni yezwi; mass Isixwa ingxenye emphethweni.

Ngezinye ushintsho njalo imvamisa iphimbo ukuzwakala inkulumo Ihubo wenza ukuxhumana umsebenzi ezingxenyeni ngabanye talkspurt kanyekanye - ngokuhlukana.

2. timbre

Nge umculo ngokuqondile okuhlobene isici ezifana ithoni mbuzo. Nokho, indlela ocacile wokuba nomqondo ithoni ocwaningweni okuhloswe ngazo izindlela yokukhuluma bezibona, akukho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, usikisela ethile izinga ngamazwi umsindo coloration, okudaliwe ngenxa isilinganiso eqondile iphimbo amabutho kanye Harmonics yayo (kuncike ukuma ngalo ingaphakathi). Kusukela umbono yokuma ithoni lihlotshaniswa nobumsulwa ukugqama ukuzwakala kwezwi. Ngakho, uma izwi kubantu abaningi zinganikezwa, izwi kuyinto isici ngabanye.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izwi kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento ezengeziwe umsindo coloration elisinika ezahlukene amathoni izwi ngokomzwelo. Le ndlela libhekene ngokuyinhloko Linguistics (phonology). Ngokwe-abacwaningi, ngamazwi izici babe eziyisisekelo umthwalo ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, kokuvela kuphela ngokuya tinhlobo letehlukene imizwa ngokushintsha umbala ukuvota.

3. Rhythm

Kuyinto alternation esingaguquguquki izakhi ecindezelekile futhi unstressed yokukhuluma (amagama, amaqoqo) zingakapheli esibekiweko. Ichaza inhlangano yobuhle temibhalo, wayala amazwi akhe umsindo.

4. Tempo

It ephawula ngabanye inkulumo Tempo ngokuya ngesivinini amazwi izakhi inkulumo (amaqoqo ezinhlamvu, amazwi, syntagm). Isilinganiso senani idatha izinto ezikhulunywa iyunithi isikhathi esithile (isib yesibili). Ngokwesibonelo, ngesilinganiso esingaba laphi ukhuluma imayelana 5-6 amaqoqo ngomzuzwana.

Phakathi imisebenzi esemqoka ye Tempo isinqumo ukwaba okulandelayo: nokugcina ubuqotho buviyoviyo of kusho inkulumo futhi ukwehlukana okukhulu / zikhathi abangelutho esitatimendeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-izikhathi ezibaluleke kakhudlwana izitatimende abantu bavame ukubambezela yonke ijubane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sikhuluma into engelona abalulekile kakhulu, ngesivinini ngabanye. Ungakwazi ngisho nokubukela ama ukusheshisa izinga yokukhuluma, lapho lowo muntu engafuni zidonse ukunaka kwanoma interlocutor emaphuzwini athile esitatimendeni (ngokuvamile atholakala ukukhangisa).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga kungaba elichaza umuntu izici ngokwengqondo isikhulumi, inkulumo belinganisa izindlela zakhe. Lokunye lokubaluleke kakhulu isimo sezenhlalo isikhulumi, isifiso sakhe ukwakha umbono othile, njalo njalo. D.

5. Ukucindezeleka

Nqubo eyayisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa iyiphi ingxenye inkulumo (amaqoqo ezinhlamvu, amazwi) yenombolo izakhi ezifanayo. It wenziwa ngokushintsha ukuma izici acoustic izici - ukuthuthukisa ithoni pronunciation, okwandisa umfutho kanye nabanye.

Ukwabela zalezi zinhlobo ukucindezeleka, njenge:

- ngamazwi (ubuqotho ifonotiki ka izwi)

- syntagmatic (syntagma umngcele)

- okunengqondo (dwebela amagama usho esibaluleke kakhulu)

- ibinzana (izitatimende ukuphela).

6. Misa okwesikhashana

Limelela ikhefu (isici kokumisa inkulumo). izindlela inkulumo kulokhu kungase kube ezimbili zama:

- Ukushaywa inkulumo iphazamisekile okwesikhashana, kukhona ukuthula (ikhefu real)

- ukudala umphumela ikhefu ukuzwakala inkulumo ngokushintsha Ihubo, Tempo noma ukucindezeleka amabutho phezu syntagmas umngcele (ngokwengqondo).

Buviyoviyo yokukhuluma e ubugagu ukhokhele njalo amehlo abaningi, kusukela osukwini endala. Theorists ka ubugagu e neRoma lasendulo lasendulo, wafunda Ihubo izwi, eyenza ihluke umculo, libhekene tempo, isigqi, phumula, esikalini ukubaluleka ukuhlinzeka kulenkhulumo izingxenye ezithile semantic.

K. S. Stanislavsky ezifundweni zakhe indima buviyoviyo ohlelweni lobuciko waseshashalazini, wabhala ukuthi ubunjalo ithoni, umbala incike umsindo ngezwi elinjengelakhe onkamisa nongwaqa: "Onkamisa - umfula, ongwaqa - emabhange." Ukuze niphumelele esiphelele buviyoviyo isidingo ukwazi izindlela ezithile yokwakheka bokuphila yokukhuluma:

- isikhundla edingekayo emlonyeni, izindebe, ulimi, akha ezinye noma ezinye imisindo (kudivayisi apharathasi lamaqembu resonators)

- ngqo ithoni umsindo kuye lapho ngaphakathi komgodi lapho siyohlala njalo ezingqondweni futhi iqondiswa.

Ngemva kwalokho, lezi kokuma kwayo eye yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ekhululekile Ukufundwa futhi inkulumo ubuchwepheshe.