Indlela yokwenza isomers nama-homologues? Indlela yokwenza isomer of alkanes?

Ngaphambi kokuhlaziya indlela yokwenza isomers wamakhemikhali e- hydrocarbons, sizoveza izici zalesi sigaba sezinto eziphilayo.

Ama-hydrocarboni agcwele

Emakhemikhali aphilayo, amakilasi amaningi e-CxHy ayaziwa. Ngamunye unefomula yayo jikelele, uchungechunge lwe-homology, ukuphendula okuhambisana nokufaneleka, isicelo. Ama-hydrocarboni agcwele ama-alkane ekilasini abonakala ngezibopho ezingabodwa (sigma). Ifomula jikelele yalesi sigaba sezinto eziphilayo yi-CnH2n + 2. Lokhu kuchaza izindawo eziyinhloko zamakhemikhali: ukufaka endaweni, ukushisa, ukuchithwa. Ama-paraffini awabonakaliswa ngokungeziwe, ngoba izibopho ezikhamlekeni zalawo ma-hydrocarboni ayingashadile.

Isomerism

Into efana ne-isomerism ichaza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Nge-isomerism, kuyisiko ukuqonda into ekhona lapho kunezinhlanganisela eziningana zezinto eziphilayo ezinokubunjwa okulinganayo (isibalo sama-athomu ku-molecule), kodwa isilungiselelo sazo esihlukile emkhathini. Izinto ezitholakala zibizwa ngokuthi i-isomers. Bangaba abamele amakilasi amaningana ama-hydrocarboni, ngakho-ke ahluke kumakhemikhali. Amakhemikhali ahlukene emangqamuzaneni ama-alkanes e-athomu C aholela ekubukeni kwe-isomerism yesakhiwo. Indlela yokwenza isomer of alkanes? Kukhona i-algorithm ethile, ngokusho ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhombisa isomers esakhiweni sekilasi elinikeziwe lezinto eziphilayo. Kukhona okufanayo okufanayo ne-athomu kabhethi kuphela, okungukuthi, ne-molecule ye-butane C4H10.

Izinhlobo ze-isomerism

Ukuze uqonde indlela yokwenza amafomula e-isomer, kubalulekile ukuba nomqondo wamafomu awo. Uma kukhona ama-athomu afanayo ngaphakathi kwe-molecule esilinganisweni esilinganayo, esendaweni esikhaleni ehlukene, sikhuluma nge-isomerism yendawo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kuthiwa yi-stereoisomerism. Esimweni esinjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamafomula okwakhiwa kuphela akusoze kwakwanele; kuzodinga ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ekhethekile noma amafomula wendawo. Amakhemikhali e-hydrocarbons, aqala ngo-H3C-CH3 (ethane), anemibono ehlukene yokuhlela indawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokujikeleza kwe-molecule ngaphakathi kwesibopho se-C-C. Kuyinto elula σ-isibopho eyenza conformational (ukujikeleza) isomerism.

I-isomerism yesakhiwo separafini

Ake sikhulume ngendlela yokwenza isomers of alkanes. Iklasini ine-isomerism yesakhiwo, okungukuthi, i-athomu ye-carbon ikhiqiza izintambo ezahlukene. Uma kungenjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuguqula isikhundla esixukwini se-athomu ye-carbon kubizwa ngokuthi i-isomerism ye-carbon skeleton.

Isomers of heptane

Ngakho-ke, ungashiya kanjani ama-isomers ngensimbi ene-C7H16? Okokuqala, ungakwazi ukuhlela wonke ama-athomu e-carbon ku-chain eyodwa eside, engeza inombolo ethile ye-athomu C ngayinye. Bangaki? Njengoba unikezwe ukuthi i-valence ye-carbon isine, ama-athomu angaphandle ayoba nama-athomu amathathu e-hydrogen, futhi ama-athomu angaphakathi anama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen. I-molecule eyiphumelelayo inesakhiwo esihambisanayo, i-hydrocarbon ebizwa ngokuthi i-n-heptane. Incwadi "n" isho i-carbon skeleton ngqo kule hydrocarbon.

Manje sishintsha ilungiselelo le-athomu le-carbon, "ukunciphisa" i-carbon chain eqondile ku-C7H16. Kungenzeka ukuqamba isomers ekwandiseni noma kufutshane ifomu lesakhiwo. Cabangela ukhetho lwesibili. Okokuqala, sihlela i-athomu elilodwa C ngesimo se-methyl radical ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Le isomerom ye-heptane inegama elilandelayo lamakhemikhali: 2-methylhexane. Manje "sithutha" okunamandla ku-carbon atom elandelayo. Ukunciphisa i-hydrocarbon ebizwa ngokuthi yi-3-methylhexane.

Uma siqhubeka nokuhambisa ama-radical, ukubalwa kwezinombolo kuzoqala ngakwesokudla (i-hydrocarbon radical isiseduze ekuqaleni), okungukuthi, sizothola isomshini esinalo kakade. Ngakho-ke, ucabanga ukuthi singenza kanjani amafomula isomer for the substance original, ake sizame ukwenza skeleton ngisho "mfushane".

I-carbon kabili esele ingamelwa njengama-radicals amabili mahhala - i-methyl.

Siqala ukuwahlela amakhemikhali ahlukene efaka uketshezi oluyinhloko. Sibiza ngokuthi i-isomer -2,3 dimethylpentane etholakalayo.

Manje sishiya indawo eyodwa endaweni efanayo, kanti okwesibili sidlulisela ku-athomu ye-carbon elandelayo yohlu oluyinhloko. Lezi zinto zibizwa ngokuthi i-2,4-dimethylpentane.

Manje uhlele ama-hydrocarbon radicals kusuka ku-carbon atom eyodwa. Okokuqala, okwesibili, sithola i-2,2 dimethylpentane. Khona-ke okwesithathu, ukuthola 3.3 dimethylpentane.

Manje sishiya ku-chain main ezine i-athomu ye-carbon, izintathu ezisele esisisebenzisa njenge-methyl radicals. Sizihlela kanje: ezimbili ze-athomu yesibili C, enye ye-carbon kabili. Sibiza ngokuthi isomerom: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

Sisebenzisa isibonelo se-heptane, sihlaziye ukuthi kuhle kangakanani ukwenza ama-isomers ama-hydrocarbon ekugcineni. Isithombe sibonisa izibonelo zesakhiwo se-isomers se-butene6 yezidakamizwa zayo ze-chloro.

I-Alkenes

Leli klasi lezinto eziphilayo zinefomula jikelele CnH2n. Ngaphandle kwezibopho ze-C-C ezigcwele, kukhona nokubopha kabili kule klasi. Inquma izindawo ezisemqoka zalolu chungechunge. Ake sixoxe ngokuthi singashiya kanjani isomer of alkenes. Ake sizame ukubona umehluko wabo kusuka kuma-hydrocarbon ekugcineni. Ngaphandle kwe-isomerism ye-chain main (amafomula omzimba), izinhlobo ezintathu ze-isomers nazo ziyizici zabameleli bekilasi lama-hydrocarboni aphilayo: i-geometric (cis kanye nokuguqulwa), izikhundla eziningi zokubopha, kanye ne-intermedium isomerism (nge-cycloalkanes).

Isomers ye-C6H12

Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi singabhala kanjani ama-isomers c6h12, sinikezwe ukuthi into ehambisana nalolu fomula ingaba yizigaba ezimbili zezidalwa eziphilayo: alkenes, cycloalkanes.

Okokuqala, ake sicabange ngendlela yokwenza isomers we-alkenes, uma kukhona ukubopha kabili emkhathini. Sibeka uphawu oluqondile lwe-carbon, sibeke isibopho esiningi ngemva kwe-athomu yokuqala ye-carbon. Ake sizame nje ukubhala ama-isomers we-c6n12, kodwa futhi ukubiza izinto. Lesi sici - i-hexene - 1. Lesi sibalo sikhombisa isikhundla esikhungweni se-bond bond. Uma ihamba nge-carbon chain, sithola i-hexene-2, kanye ne-hexene-3

Manje sibheka indlela yokwenza isomers ngesimiso esinikeziwe, shintsha inani lama-athomu esifundeni esikhulu.

Okokuqala, sinciphisa i-carbon skeleton kwenye i-carbon atom, sizobhekwa njenge-methyl radical. Sishiya isibopho esiphindwe kabili emva kwe-athomu yokuqala C. I-isomerom etholakala kwisiqephu se- nomenclature ehlelekile iyoba negama elilandelayo: 2 methylpentene - 1. Manje sithutha i-hydrocarbon radical eceleni kweketeni eliyinhloko, sishiya isikhundla sokubopha kabili okungashintshi. Le hydrocarbon engasetshenzisiwe yesakhiwo se-branched ibizwa ngokuthi i-3 methylpentene-1.

I-isomerom eyengeziwe ingenzeka ngaphandle kokushintsha uchungechunge oluyinhloko nesimo sokubopha kabili: 4 methylpentene-1.

Ngokwakhiwa kwe-C6H12, ungazama ukuhambisa ukuxhumanisa kabili ukusuka kokuqala kuya endaweni yesibili, ngaphandle kokuguqula uchungechunge loqobo. I-radical izothuthela eceleni kwe-carbon skeleton, kuqala nge-athomu yesibili C. Le isomerom ibizwa ngokuthi i-2 methylpentene-2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukubeka i-CH3 enkulu ye-athomu ye-carbon yesithathu, ngenkathi ukuthola i-3 methyl pentene-2

Uma i-carbon esine-athomu ekhonini elinikeziwe ifakwa emgqeni omkhulu, kutholakala enye into emisha, i-hydrocarbon engasetshenzisiwe ene-carbon skeleton enesono - i-methylpentene-2.

Ngokunciphisa okuqhubekayo kwenombolo C ku-chain enkulu, umuntu angathola enye isomer.

Sishiya isibopho esiphindwe kabili emva kwe-athomu yokuqala ye-carbon, futhi sibeka ama-radicals amabili e-athomu yesithathu ye-chain enkulu, sithola ama-3,3 dimethylutene-1.

Manje sibeka ama-radicals ema-athomu e-carbon athile, ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo se-bond bond kabili, sithola i-2,3 dimethylbutene-1. Ake sizame, ngaphandle kokushintsha usayizi wesifunda esiyinhloko, ukuhambisa ukuxhumanisa kabili endaweni yesibili. Ama-radicals kuleli cala singakwazi ukuhlinzeka ama-athomu angu-2 no-3 kuphela, enikeza 2.3 dimethylbutene-2.

Ayikho enye isomers esakhiweni yalesi alkene, noma yikuphi ukuzama ukuza nabo kuzoholela ekuphukeni komqondo wesakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo ze-AM Butlerov.

I-isomers yendawo ye C6H12

Manje sizoyithola ukuthi singenza kanjani isomers nama-homologues kusukela ekubukeni kwe-isomerism yendawo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ama-cis and trans trans forms of alkenes kungenzeka kuphela isikhundla sokubopha kabili 2 no-3.

Lapho ama-radicals e-hydrocarbon esesigabeni esifanayo, i-hexene-2 i-cis-measure ye-hexene-2 iyakhiwa, futhi lapho ama-radicals atholakala ezindizeni ezihlukene, i-trans-form ye-hexene i-2.

Ama-isomers we-Interclass we-C6H12

Ukuphikisana mayelana nokwenza ama-isomers nama-homologues, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngalolu khetho njenge-inter-class isomerism. Ngokuba ama-hydrocarboni angenayo i-insaturated uchungechunge lwe-ethylene enefomula jikelele CnH2n, ama-isomers afana nama-cycloalkanes. Isici salesi sigaba samakhemikhali e-hydrocarbons kuba khona kwesakhiwo se-cyclic (esivaliwe) esinezibopho ezihlanganisiwe eziphakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon. Kungenzeka ukwakha amafomu we-cyclohexane, i-methylcyclopentane, i-dimethylcyclobutane, i-trimethylcyclopropane.

Isiphetho

Amakhemikhali e-Organic ahlukahlukene, angaqondakali. Ubuningi bezinto eziphilayo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu izikhathi inani lemikhiqizo engahleliwe. Leli qiniso lichazwa kalula ngokukhona kwalesi simo esiyingqayizivele njenge-isomerism. Uma uchungechunge olulodwa lwama-homologous lunezinto ezifanayo nezakhi, ke lapho isikhundla se-athomu se-carbon eguqukayo, izinhlanganisela ezintsha zibonakala zibizwa ngokuthi i-isomers. Ngemuva kokubonakala komqondo wendlela yokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali yezinto eziphilayo, kwakungenzeka ukuhlukanisa wonke ama-hydrocarbon, ukuqonda okucacile ekilasini ngalinye. Esinye seziphakamiso zalesi sihloko ngokuqondile sibhekene nendaba ye-isomerism. Umshini omkhulu wemithi waseRussia wayekwazi ukuqonda, ukuchaza, ukufakazela ukuthi izakhi zamakhemikhali zomzimba, umsebenzi wawo osebenzayo, ukusebenza okusebenzayo kuxhomeke endaweni ye-athomu ye-carbon. Uma siqhathanisa inani lama-isomers akhiwe ngokunciphisa ama-alkanes nama-alkenes angenayo, ama-alkenes, eqinisweni, aholayo. Lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi ema molekheni abo kukhona ukubopha kabili. Yilezi zinto ezivumela leli klasi lezizinto eziphilayo ukuba zenze ama-alkenes kuphela ezinhlobonhlobo nezinhlaka ezihlukene, kodwa futhi ukukhuluma nge-isomerism yemetaboli nge-cycloalkanes.