Inani kuyaqina isidingo: formula okwatholakala

Imakethe siwukuba nobuhlobo phakathi abathengi kanye nabathengisi. Ngo Microeconomics, ukuziphatha kwabo libhekene kwaneliswe isidingo, ngokulandelana. Kwezamabhizinisi, kubalulekile ukuba ukulinganisa kokubili nemingcele ukuze athole inzuzo. Umthengi ngaphambi ukuthenga ezinhle ihlola ezicini eziningana: intengo, ukutholakala kwezimali kanye nesidingo lo mkhiqizo. Ukwencika ukubaluleka izimpahla kwi ukuziphatha kwabathengi inquma kuyaqina intengo funa. Ifomula kubonisa ukuthi imbangela sizothinta umphumela isimo.

ikhasimende ususwe ukushintshwa intengo

Izinhloso umuntu ukuthenga okuthile, isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa online store, ziyancipha yokuthi yena wayesibonise ethize entweni (makube-tablet) idwetshwa kumawebhusayithi ezithile ukuhlunga imodeli ekhethelwe intengo. Njengomthetho, uma ipuleti yethulwa kuleli zwe wonke amasiko nemithetho, izindleko yezitolo ngeke ezahlukene kakhulu. Ngokwemvelo, umthengi ukukhethela ikhompyutha ephathekayo, intengo zazo kuyoba esincane.

Leli cala isibonelo eye yabizwa abanye ngokuthi e Microeconomics ne- "intengo kuyaqina isidingo." Ifomula lokhu Inkomba sichaza ukuthi lingakanani okuningi / okuncane kungaba ukuthatha lomthengi kwezimpahla, uma kuhle umdayisi ukushintsha intengo.

Icala ithebhulethi uchaza okufunekayo nokunwebeka. Ngenxa inqwaba enye mobile abantu Computing iliphi ozolikhetha kuxhomeke kulelo okubiza (ngaphakathi isizathu) ezishibhile nabanye.

Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana izindlela

Ngaphansi leli qembu imikhiqizo kuncike izigaba eziningana. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa izinzuzo ukuthi ayikwazi ukushintshwa, ezifana usawoti, insulin, futhi okwesibili - nempahla ebizayo: umklami izingubo in a ukukhululwa olulodwa. Lawa isigaba ezimbili umngcele.

Uma ukwandisa izindleko iphakethe usawoti, abantu abayeki kokuyithenga. Phela, akagcini ukunambitheka izitsha, kodwa futhi uyalondoloza, ngakho phakathi neminyaka yempi kwayo belilokhu liphakeme.

Eyesibili non-okunye isigaba - nempahla ebizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhwama umklami kusuka ingwenya isikhumba. Izothola labo bantu sibe nohlelo lokusebenzisa imali yalokhu kuthenga ngeke kushintshe. Lokhu amakhasimende high-isivuno, intengo zabo ayibalulekile.

Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, isidingo kuchazwa njenganoma yini nokunwebeka. Futhi kuyokwenzeka kanjani ukuba liziphathe umthengi ngentengo fixed izici ezinhle, kodwa ngesikhathi ukukhula / ukunqabela ibhajethi siqu? Kulokhu kubhekwe imali kuyaqina, ifomula zazo inquma isidingo womuntu umkhiqizo othize.

Imikhiqizo high kanye ongaphakeme

Okungenhla ekhonjiwe izibonelo zendlela ukushintsha nasezenzweni zomuntu, lapho izindleko iqembu eminye imikhiqizo anda. Kodwa, ngo-Microeconomics futhi ucabangela nezinye izinto (etintfweni) ezithinta ushintsho izici emakethe - ukunikezela funa. Omunye determinant ezinjalo kuba imali.

Inkomba - kuyaqina ingeniso mali yakhe ifomula sivezwe njengoba isilinganiso wokusabela umkhiqizo isidingo ushintsho nomholo yomthengi uhlolo litmus ekunqumeni izinga ezinhle.

Uma ukubaluleka ibalwa bude esingaphansi 0 ke izimpahla wabhekwa njengongento ukhwaliti ongaphakeme. Esikhathini uhla kusuka 0 kuya 1 - ezinhle, engenayo nonelastic (fuel, ukudla). Ukufundisisa ngenhla 0 ephawula iqembu izinga imikhiqizo.

Izinhlobo intengo funa

Ngakho, kuyaqina (E) kubhekwa efinqa ukuthi lingachazwa ngokuthi imbangela nomthelela uphenyo. Kodwa ukusiveza? Ngokwesibonelo, nokumadanisa imikhiqizo ezimbili - ubisi ham, ayikwazi kuqhathaniswa uphenyo, uma intengo yezinto ezimbili kukhuphuke ngo ruble angu-20. Ukwenyuka intengo ubisi kuzobonakala ngaphezulu kusukela yasekuqaleni ngokujulile ukubaluleka kwaso. Ngenxa yalesi Coefficient buza of kuyaqina (EQ) yakhiwa isilinganiso iphesenti izinguquko ezimbili.

Lokho Okushiwo kunqunywa kuyaqina wemfihlo.

• C bawela -1% OP kunyuke ngo-0.5%. Kuyaqina isidingo ngaphansi isimo esinjalo: E = 0.5 * -1 = -0.5. Ukukala engaphansi kuka-1, bese nesidingo inelastic.
• C bawela -1% OP kunyuke ngo-3%. E = 3 * -1 = -3. Ukuziphatha nokunwebeka abathengi;
• C bawela -1% OP kukhuphuke ngo-1%. E = 1 * -1 = -1. Unit (ezilinganiselwe) kuyaqina.

Lokhu kubalulekile ukwazi uhlobo funa?

Inkomba - intengo kuyaqina isidingo, formula okuyinto eboniswe ngenhla, kuyadingeka ukuze umsebenzi okuhloswe ngazo ukwenza inzuzo. Kungakhathaliseki ibhizinisi waziphatha ukudayiswa kwezimpahla noma amasevisi. Lapho enquma intengo waqaphela noma izimpahla abazikhiqizela, isimo main kuyinto ukumaketha ngempumelelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-uhlobo nezimo imikhiqizo ungakha isimo ezihlobene nokungawuvivinyi ngokwanele amanani. Lokhu ezingenayo kuzokwanda izikhathi eziningana izindleko kokuqala by ekuheheni inqwaba abathengi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi funa inelastic ngokuba okuhle kungaba nokunwebeka. Futhi okunye ukwanda lezimpahla amanani kuzoholela ukulahlekelwa ibhizinisi. Ngokwesibonelo, nophethiloli. Njengoba sekunama-imithombo izimoto kagesi futhi sikhulu kakhulu isidingo lolu hlobo uphethiloli kuyehla. Manje, empeleni kuyacaca ukuthi izindleko igolide black umphongolo lehla engamashumi amathathu edlule amanani. Lena isibonelo izimpahla okuqondene funa inelastic kwakusho intengo uye liphendulwe nokunwebeka.

Ngakho-ke, kuyaqina intengo funa - ifomula ukubala, izinkomba kanye nokuhlaziywa - kubalulekile ngawo wonke amabhizinisi.

Ukuvumelana nezimo practice: Inkulumo

Futhi isibonelo futhi. Izindleko wezingulube osheyka ngonyaka odlule kilogram per kwaba ruble 500, kulo nyaka kubiza ruble 600. Indlela ukunquma iphesenti ushintsho intengo? Ngenxa yale njongo kukhona ifomula ukukhula rate: (Ts2 - Ts1) / TS1 * 100%.

It etholwe: 600-500 / 500 * 100% = 20%.

Uma sibhala ukwencika efanayo futhi ivolumu, bese bambeli uwukubonakaliswa intengo kuyaqina isidingo, ifomula uzothola ifomu elandelayo:

E = ((Ob2-Ob1) / (C2-TS1)) * TS1 / Ob1.

Le nkulumo uthola igama layo, ifomula iphuzu kuyaqina isidingo.

Ukuvumelana nezimo practice: umfanekiso ingcaca

Ukwencika yokuthengisa ku ukubaluleka izimpahla. Ngezinye iphuzu A ngemali enhle ilingana ruble 80, futhi abantu kwesikhathi kokubuyekezwa, amayunithi 50 kwezimpahla uthenge. Lapho umnikazi kwehlisa intengo ruble 40, yokuthengisa rose amayunithi 100 kuya. Uma kufakwa amagugu ku ifomula iphuzu kuyaqina, uthole 2. Ngakho, lo mkhiqizo nezimo kakhulu futhi kungaba bayowenza kuye, ukuze ukhuphule imali. Nokho, ifomula ngenhla siyawenza amaphutha.

Endabeni izibonelo lapho kuqalwa (original) uzakulumathisa B, futhi ngemva kwemali - iphuzu A, kuyaqina etholwe esingaphansi 1. Lokho, kuncike ekutheni lesi asuka indawo ukuya ku B noma okuphambene nalokho, ukuthola amanani ahlukene kuyaqina isidingo . Ngakho-ke, osomnotho, kwanqunywa original intengo value (TS1) nomthamo (Ob1) ukufaka esikhundleni i-index isilinganiso. Okungukuthi, C ₁ = C ₂ + C _1/2 futhi ₁ = On On On ₂ + _1/2. Uma esikhundleni yesibili iphuzu kuyaqina of the kusho izibalo yokukhuluma, sithola kuyaqina ifomula arc isidingo:

E = ((Ob2-Ob1) / (C2-TS1)) * ((+ Ob2 Ob1) / (C2 + TS1)).

Inani ikhombisa kuyaqina ngokwesilinganiso arc phakathi amaphuzu nge izixhumanisi A no B.

Kalula nezilandiso, izinzuzo aphelele

Esikhathini ukuhlaziya ukuziphatha kwabathengi ngenhlonipho ukuba abaphathi ibhizinisi umkhiqizo X futhi acabangele ushintsho intengo kwezimpahla W. Kuze kube yimanje, ithuluzi wenza kwesiphambano-kuyaqina isidingo. Formula inkomba iyona ratio ukufunwa umkhiqizo ukusabela yezinguquko amanani entengo abanye W. izimpahla Ngokwemvelo, akekho lilinganisa ukuziphatha abathengi imikhiqizo yobisi yoshintsho intengo amakhemikhali yasendlini. Lokhu kusebenza izigaba nezilandiso kanye ayahambelana izimpahla.

Kukhona izinto ezilandelayo ngokufunwa yabo, kuye ngokuthi intengo:

• izimpahla ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, nge-insulini. Kulokhu, isidingo ayizange nokunwebeka.
• izinzuzo ongumphelelisi: cream ikhofi; uwoyela motor kanye nezimoto. Kuyaqina engaphansi kuka-1.
• Ukuze izimpahla esikhundleni libhekene kuyaqina isidingo ukuthi mkhulu kunabo 1. Uma ukwanda intengo, isibonelo, nge ngamaphesenti ayikhulu zekhofi i-arabica okuqukethwe, abantu baqale ukuthenga isiphuzo ne ukwengeza robusta. Nakuba yokuthengisa wokuqala uzobe encishisiwe.

Lezi amafomula esetshenziswa amafemu ukuhlaziya kwabo inqubomgomo zamanani, futhi isimo - enkonzweni namaphepha umsebenzi.