I chemical ifomula likagologo

Iyiphi inqubo elungiselelwe for vodka? Kuyini ngempela? Ake siqale ngokuhlola regia aqua. Le ngxube ketshezi ligcwele nitric futhi acid hydrochloric. HNO3 Nitric futhi HCl hydrochloric zithathwa ngokuvumelana a 1: 3 by volume. Lapha mass Isifaniso ngokuya ketshezi okumsulwa 1: 2.

indaba

Okokuqala aqua regia echazwe Pseudo-Geberi. Wayengumuntu Alchemist engaziwa. Izindatshana azibhala mayelana nezimfundiso lisakazeka eYurophu ekhulwini weshumi nane. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukuthola hydrochloric acid ngesiLatini usebenza ifomula amakhemikhali kwachazwa aqua regia. Lokhu liquid okulungiselelwe Sublimation ingxube owomileyo ube yiziphethu alum, nitrate, ithusi sulfate kanye ammonia esitsheni ingilazi ezigcotshwe. Capacitance kwaba ifakwe cap noma ikhava ingilazi.

Albert Veliky emibhalweni yakhe ngokuthi aqua regia aqua eSecunda. Igama lisho "vodka yesibili." Aqua prima elihunyushwe ngokuthi "vodka eyinhloko" lokho kusho nitric acid. Ngamanye alchemy vodka ifomula ibizwa ngokuthi i-aqua regia.

SaseBonaventure e 1270 obala linendlela yalo ukuthola uketshezi isimangaliso: ke liquefies ammonia e "a vodka eqinile" (aqua Fortis, nitric acid). SaseBonaventure wakwazi ukuthi kuqinisekiswe acid nitric kungaba chaza esiliva, detaching ke kusukela igolide. Wanquma ukuthi "aqua regia" yakwazi ukuncibilikisa 'kwenkosi izinsimbi "- igolide. Kodwa ezinye kukholakala ukuthi ejenti ayikwazi ngaphansi ukushintsha.

Ngakho, kwakukhona regia igama aqua. Aqua regia steel ezikhonjiswe uphawu alchemical sakhiwa "R" amanzi uphawu futhi izincwadi.

Aqua regia futhi Alchemy

Ngo Alchemy 1597 Andreas Libavius ngoba unkulunkulu waba owokuqala owachaza lesi yokukhiqiza ngokuxuba aqua regia ayegcwele acid hydrochloric futhi nitric. Alkahest kuyinto kuphela jikelele. ekuwulungiseleleni kwabonakala elingenhla lisibonisa enye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu alchemy.

Aqua regia umkhuba alchemy esetshenziswa ngokuvamile lokho kwanele. Lokhu kuye kwaholela nokwanda okuphawulekayo ulwazi ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kuhlanganise izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo efanayo nomthelela ekwakhekeni lobuchwepheshe-chemistry Assay nokuhlaziya.

Ngo imisebenzi Lavoisier vodka ifomula, "lasebukhosini" ngokuthi nitromurievoy acid. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ime phandle isimo gaseous kuyinto oxide i-elementi chloro Muria dephlogisticated noma hydrochloric acid.

ERussia, ayenakho amagama amaningi. Ngo imisebenzi MV University of 1742 ke inegama "vodka yinkosi." M. Parpua e 1796 walibiza ngokuthi "aqua regia". VV Petrov e 1801 walinika igama ama-nitrate hydrochloric acid, futhi GI Hess ngo-1831 ngokuthi ke azotnovodohlornoy acid. Amagama avamile alezi nezinye yalesi uketshezi.

NgesiRashiya, igama elithi "i-vodka" yavela ngekhulu weshumi nane. Kuyinto amancane kwegama elithi "amanzi" futhi wathatha lesi silinganiso kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu-nesishiyagalolunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwi ithole ukuba 'baphuze ", ekuqaleni kwakungemnandi ulimi lwesigodi. Kwakungenxa nje ekuqaleni kwawo-lamashumi amabili vodka kwekhulu baba imimoya kusho.

izakhiwo

Aqua regia uba nombala ophuzi kanye iphunga eqinile nitrogen dioxide futhi chlorine. Asanda walungisa ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle, kodwa ngokushesha iba orange.

Yini ilungiselela aqua regia? Formula ke ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Ngo ukusabela HNO3 futhi HCI, ingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi imikhiqizo nomsebenzi omkhulu, phakathi lapho nabo futhi free radicals. Lolu ketshezi ingenye oxidizers enamandla kakhulu. Ingxube ibhalwe ngqo ngaphambi ukusebenzisa, njengoba uma igcina inqamuka futhi ilahlekelwa izimfanelo oxidative:

3HCl + HNO3 = 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O

NOCl = CHA + Cl

2NO + O2 = 2No2

Nekusebenta aqua regia njengoba oxidant ukhathazeke kakhulu nge nokuncipha kungenzeka namachibi of izinsimbi. Lokhu kungenxa kumiswa chloride compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi. Complexation i oxidizing eqinile acid medium Kwenza zikwazi thinning of izinsimbi ezifana nomsebenzi ongaphakeme ezifana-platinum, igolide kanye palladium, ngisho emazingeni okushisa okuvamile.

isicelo

Lo luketshezi isetshenziswa njengophawu reagent laboratories zamakhemikhali. It Glassware sasicwengwa kusukela iminonjana udaba eziphilayo. Aqua regia isetshenziswa assaying izinsimbi highborn futhi Alloys zabo, kucwengwa platinum negolide ekulungiseleleni metal chloride nokunye.

vodka

Ngokuthi i-vodka, kungekho nto enemibala emihle utshwala. Lo luketshezi amanzi utshwala ngaphandle iphunga sobala futhi ukunambitheka. amandla likagologo kungaba ehluke ngokuphelele: ngezindinganiso Russian - 40-45% kanye 50-56% by volume, ku yoMthetho EU - hhayi ngaphansi kuka 37.5%.

Classical vodka ifomula pretty ezithakazelisayo - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. Inqubo yokukhiqiza of the ukulungiselela liquid yakhiwa amanzi ukulungiswa kwendingilizi kuyalungiswa ETHYL utshwala ezikhishwe ukudla impahla eluhlaza, ne amanzi encishisiwe. Ingxube amanzi utshwala noma isitashi Ushintshe icutshungulwe nge namalahle isebenze. Khona-ke elicwengekileyo, okwenza izithako elixutshwe ngu filtration okuphindaphindiwe okukhishwa ku umthengi emaphaketheni. Hlobisa umkhiqizo osuphelile, ngokulandelana.

No kancane ezithakazelisayo ifomula amakhemikhali namandla vodka 40.0 - 45,0% kube luqhatshi ekhethekile futhi ukunambitheka. Lo luketshezi libizwa ekhethekile. Wakhe ukukhiqiza ngokufaka ezihlukahlukene izithako, isithokela kanye izithasiselo elimnandi.

Lapho ngokweqile kanye nokusetshenziswa njalo likagologo kuyinto umlutha wotshwala nokuluthwa yizidakamizwa.

Mendeleev

ezinganekwaneni abaningi eRussia mayelana "ebabayo." Omunye izinganekwane kukhomba ukuxhumana ukubukeka vodka DI umsebenzi Mendeleev. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso ngesisekelo mqondo yakhe zobudokotela, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "On the uxhumano utshwala ngamanzi."

Oh, leli ifomula Mendeleev vodka! Kuyini ngempela? Insumansumane utshela okulandelayo:

• Catching mqondo, ososayensi bathola izakhiwo engavamile ketshezi amanzi utshwala. Ingxube kwadingeka lokuhlushwa 43% Ethanol by volume futhi okungekuhle nomthelela kwindlela eziphilayo.
• Nge lokuhlushwa enjalo ketshezi amanzi utshwala ingatholakala kuphela ngokuxuba izingxenye ngesisindo utshwala namanzi.
• Ngokusekelwe kulezi amaqiniso, Mendeleev wakwazi ukuthuthukisa ekwakhiweni ngokuthi "eMoscow ekhethekile". Lokhu okukhethekile ngo-1894, waba nelungelo lobunikazi by the uhulumeni waseRussia njengoba vodka Russian kazwelonke.

Yiqiniso, DI Mendeleev khengikukarekele nengxenye ekudalweni noma sesimanje likagologo. Yodwa a ngcosana of imisebenzi yakhe kamuva asetshenziswa womshini ketshezi.