Imithombo zolwazi lwendawo. Uhlu lwesifundo izincwadi. Amamephu, atlases

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, indoda wayenesithakazelo yini emkhathizwe - endaweni entsha noma imikhawulo yomhlaba. Emakhulwini eminyaka Kwadlula, impucuko uye Nithole ulwazi. Isikhathi sesifikile leso sikhathi lapho ososayensi, abaye ayikaze emazweni akude, ukuthi kuningi engikwaziyo kubo. Kulesi basizwa by imithombo zolwazi lwendawo.

Lesi sihloko uzokutshela ukuthi, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zazo.

imiqondo Jikelele

Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, ngakho ngabiza lonke imithombo yokwaziswa kuyiphi umuntu bangathola ulwazi kwezinhloso zenzuzo kuye. Yikuphi uhlola imithombo zolwazi lwendawo Ibanga 5 (ezikoleni zamabanga)? Ake zibhale:

• Zonke amabalazwe, atlases, futhi ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo kwendawo, kuhlanganise ezempi.
• Zihlukahlukene incazelo kwendawo ezindaweni ezithize.
• Ezinye Izincwajana, izihloko encyclopedic, kanye nemibiko imiphumela mikhankaso ahlukahlukene.
• izithombe Aerial futhi zesethalayithi izindawo.
• GIS GPS / GLONASS.

Nazi ezinye imithombo zolwazi lwendawo uyazi Ibanga 5 esikoleni isilinganiso esibanzi. Siphinde zama cabanga izici ezinye zazo umniningwane elengeziwe.

ubuchwepheshe besimanje

Eminyakeni yamuva, imithombo ezingasho zidluliselwa ngephepha efomini yedijithali. Lokhu akusona isimanga. Cishe bonke 5 kwendawo Imininingwane imithombo, esiye okukhulunywa nje, namuhla singathola ke ngendlela yedijithali. Ngisho nososayensi professional eminyakeni yamuva, ukusebenza nge "inombolo".

Nge okufanayo GIS uhlelo ukusebenza zibelula kuka nge inqwaba yezincwadi. Futhi manje sixoxe ngeminye yemithombo zolwazi lwendawo ngokuningiliziwe.

ikhadi

Ikhadi ngokuthi umfanekiso generalized olotshiwe wesakhiwo ubuso bezwe, wonke umhlaba noma izindikimba zasezulwini. It is eyakhelwe isimiso uyakekela, ie izindlela zezibalo asetshenziselwe le nhloso. Okungukuthi, kuncike yemakhono wonke amakhadi kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba amaqembu ezinkulu ezintathu:

• Ukubolekisa ngezindodla.
• Mesoscale.
• Elincane.

Uma sikhuluma esigabeni sokuqala, khona-ke isilinganiso le mibhalo kungaba 1: 200 000 futhi emikhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa cishe zonke izinhlelo kwendawo. abancane wonke amakhadi, isilinganiso sakhona ngaphansi kuka 1: 1 000 000 Atlas abavamile uhlanganisa noma yabadobi noma izinhlelo naphakathi ukuthi kangcono lapho kutadishwa endaweni ethile.

Imininingwane Uhlobo cartographic

You azi ukuthi esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba Ochwepheshe ekudalweni ukukhiqiza amamephu azinabo Ukukhetha inqubo ukuthi uyoboniswa kuso. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi kanje: nje okungaqondile cartographic. Ngokwemvelo, ukukhethwa akanhlanhlatsi kakhulu ekhona maqondana amabalazwe yabadobi, njengoba zidinga ukuze kuhlaliswe lemali ulwazi olubalulekile khona lokungcolisa ubuncane idokhumenti. Esikhathini nje okungaqondile kakhulu indima ebalulekile kakhulu eyadlalwa oqondile aphoyintimenti ikhadi kanye izifiso amakhasimende ayo.

indawo izinhlelo

Ngakho ngokuthi sezwe imidwebo, okuyinto eyenziwa ngezinga elikhulu (1: 5000 noma ngaphezulu), bese bedonseleka usebenzisa nezimpawu ezikhethekile. Kulesi ziyindawo Atlas esikoleni. Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezinjalo kusekelwe ezibukwayo, nesilinganiso wezinsimbi, izithombe zasemoyeni noma indlela kuhlanganiswe.

Kusukela ku-izinhlelo esibekiwe ezindaweni elincani komhlaba, uma udala ugobile planethi kungenziwa dengwane. Kufanele kuqondwe ngokucacile ukuthi le mithombo zolwazi lwendawo, esiye kuchaziwe nje, kukhona ngokuphelele sihluke nomunye.

Umahluko omkhulu kusukela izinhlelo ikhadi

• Loluhlelo isentimitha thukela wabeka amakhilomitha angaphezu kwayisihlanu ngokuma kwendawo langempela. Angama-cards awu okuningi kwelinye milimitha okuyinto kungenziwa wabeka amakhulu amakhilomitha of komhlaba.
• Zonke izinto izinhlelo phansi akhonjiswa njengezimpawu ezinemininingwane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngomqondo onabile, zonke izindawo ucishe ezibalulekile ekhonjiswe i sibalo avareji. Ngakho, izinhlelo kwendawo le-General Abasebenzi (ne-Soviet Union, of course) kungenziwa ukuboniswa ngisho izihlahla nemifudlana emincane. Kumephu akunakwenzeka ukuthola lonke ulwazi. Empeleni, ngakho-ke, kwenziwe nje okungaqondile, esixoxe kabanzi ngazo ngenhla. Ngisho zezinkulumo esiqondile amazwekazi emabalazweni eziningi alikwazi ukuboniswa, kodwa ngoba ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa nge ukuhlanekezela eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi ezingeziwe isimo sendawo ukusetshenziswa scaleless izimpawu.
• Sikugcizelele waphinda ukuthi uhlelo zokwakha sokunganakwa ugobile komhlaba. Amakhadi, ikakhulukazi ngezinga elincane, cabanga kube sibopho.
• On the izinhlelo igridi neze degree. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufana kanye meridians zivuliwe ngamunye wabo.
• Loluhlelo ilula ngokuya ukuma njalo. Phezulu idokhumenti - enyakatho, phansi, ngokulandelana, - eningizimu. On the amabalazwe kwendawo ebizwa ngokuthi ngokulinganisa.

izindlela Image letigcogcwe ngaphambilini kwi izinhlelo kanye namabalazwe

izinhlamvu okunemibandela kulokhu kukhona embodiments ezivamile lapho isici code eboniswe kwi izinto uhlelo ibalazwe noma. Ngosizo lwabo, ungakwazi ukubonisa into ukhonkolo (a entabeni, isibonelo), kanye into ngempela abstract, okunemibandela (kwabantu labantu kuleli dolobha, emzaneni, njalo njalo. N.). Yiqiniso, bonke lula kakhulu ukuphila indoda owazi izinto eziyisisekelo ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe kanye uyakwazi ukufunda lezi imidwebo.

isikhathi esingakanani ibalazwe uhlala efanele?

Lo mbuzo okungenani einozhdy setha cishe zonke zokuma kwendawo nezazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba. Impendulo ethize incike inhloso, umklamo, umlobi we plan. Ngakho, izazi medieval uvame ukudweba imephu ngokoqobo "ku kwamadolo!", Ngakho ukukhuluma mayelana zinembile akudingekile. Kodwa Jikelele Abasebenzi amabalazwe, naphezu isikhathi, namanje mangaza ngobuciko babo.

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ibalazwe eNyakatho Ekude kukhona okuzwakalako ukuzinza okusezingeni eliphezulu, lapho Amazon kanye neNayile izinhlelo kungenziwa ngokuphepha ilahlwe engamashumi amahlanu ngemuva kokushicilelwa yabo. la imifula njengoba kahle futhi oguqukayo nesimo sendawo we ebusweni Earth, ezivela emibhalweni emidala uyezwa kuphela ovela isizinda esingokomlando.

izincazelo Geographical, ukuvulwa

Yonke imithombo zolwazi lwendawo okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla, ezinye isidina, ungakujabulisi. Lapho mnandi ukubheka incazelo isifunda, indawo noma amazwekazi, eyabhalwa indoda eyathola konke!

Bayazidlalela eceleni, kodwa izincazelo futhi imibiko lwendawo (geodetic begazi,) izifundo ngezinye izikhathi ukunikeza eziningi ulwazi ngaphezu enemininingwane kakhulu ngesimo sendawo ibalazwe ndawo. Ikakhulukazi yokugcina ayiwavezi ezinye izici ezingajabulisi zokuya endaweni ethile (umalaleveva, kutholakala kwezinye izindawo ephakathi ye-Afrika, at zonke sinyathelo, isibonelo).

Uhlu izincwadi ku geography, okuyinto ikhishelwa abafundi esikoleni (isib Nikolina VV geography, ukuthuthukiswa umsebenzi; Samkova VA Thina batadisha ihlathi, Ihlathi Encyclopedia: 2 t / ch ed G. I. Vorobov ... ), njengoba isikhathi sibonga kwakheka ukuze umsebenzi abacwaningi ngesikhathi uthayiphe lonke ulwazi ekhadini kokuba zingene shí izinto.

ulwazi kafushane mayelana kuvulwa Afrika

Sitshele kancane mayelana nomlando kuvulwa Izwekazi Dark. Yiqiniso, igama elithi "ukutholakala" akulona ngempela lilungile lokho Australia - yebo, ke kwadingeka ukuba ahlupheke. Endabeni Afrika siye wafunda kahle ezindaweni ezisogwini, lapho izinceku black babanjwa futhi abathengwa Arab abahwebi endlovu, kodwa ka kwenzekani emaqaqasini nezwekazi, angazanga cishe akekho.

Konke kwashintsha ekhulwini XIX, lapho edume efika e-Afrika, uDavid Livingstone. Kuye fanele behlonipha kokuvula seNayile kanye omangalisayo Victoria. Bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa Central Africa izifundo ngesikhathi eyingoduso e usosayensi Russian VV Junker (eminyakeni 1876-1886).

Ukuze lalolo hlanga zaleli zwekazi waphelela ngokudabukisayo, imithombo eyinhloko zolwazi lwendawo (ie amabalazwe), idatha okuyiwona Kunzima kakhulu futhi sisengozini ekuphileni eqoqwe zonke lezi ososayensi abanesibindi baye ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa ngezigqila ...

Ngakho, amabalazwe kanye nezinhlelo, siyabubona ngempela isiqedile. atlases Geographical basonta esigabeni esifanayo. Futhi iyini indima imithombo yesimanje zolwazi lwendawo? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, cabanga ngesimiso yokwabelana elidala amabalazwe iphepha lokuzula, okuyinto manje ayenziwa esetshenziswa ngisho zokuma kwendawo professional kanye zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba.

GPS / GLONASS + amabalazwe

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ndlela ngokuphelele efanelekayo sokunquma ukunemba amabalazwe, atlases futhi izinhlelo kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela idinga udovletovryaet mlando, njengoba ungabona bona nje ukuthi kuningi kangakanani osekushintshile isimo sezwe, elichazwa zemihla wesimanje izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, i-geography izincwadi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa indawo izinhlelo, futhi azikaze olusha kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule.

Ukusizakala olunembile enjalo, kodwa kunalokho isikhathi esiningi futhi inqubo kancane ewubuciko, une ukwenza bophezela kathathu (amakhadi ezintathu ezahlukene) kuleyo indawo endaweni:

• Okokuqala, thola ibalazwe ucishe yesimanje noma ibalazwe elicacisa ngesimo sendawo.
• Kungcono ukuba baphathe isifinyezo fresh cwaningo Aerospace sezwe ebhekisela kwendawo kuya Ukudidiyela uhlelo.
• Ekugcineni, kudingeka ukuthi ikhadi, kanye nolwazi ukuthi uyangena ukuhlola.

Lokho okushiwo yile msebenzi ukuze ungeze inkumbulo itilosi, womathathu umdwebo ndawo. onobuhle yamanje yalezi amadivaysi babe processor sasivumela enamandla kanye nenani umxhwele RAM, ngakho ungashintsha phakathi amakhadi kuthanda kweso.

Ukunqunywa umzila

A mzila arcade kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ibalazwe kwendawo yesimanje noma uhlelo. Asazi ukweluleka ukusebenzisa salokhu imibhalo emidala. Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhundleni marsh manje iyabhuduleka ndawo, kodwa emaphethelweni kanye kwaphela ihlathi abasha, ngeke bakwazi ukudlula, ngoba le ndawo isibe kwashintsha ngokuphelele isimo sendawo. Ikhadi - kuhle, yilokho kuphela iningi amacala, lawa madokhumende engabhaliwe olunembile kakhulu.

Kungani izithombe zasemoyeni nemifanekiso ye-satellite luncanyelwa ikhadi?

Kodwa kungani iphepha imidwebo phansi kunabaphostoli ukuze imikhiqizo ubuchwepheshe besimanje? Iphuzu kule izizathu ezimbili ezilandelayo:

• Okokuqala, ukuhlobana kwesathalayithi noma photo zasemoyeni ezimweni eziningi kakhulu kunalokhu. Lapho Abaklami bamabalazwe namanje vouchsafed ukubamba omunye nje okungaqondile idatha entsha futhi wamanje ukukhululwa izinhlelo endaweni?
• In the izithombe wena ngokoqobo ngesikhathi sangempela uzokwazi ukucacisa izici endaweni ethile. Kumephu, noma ngisho uhlelo kwendawo ye zemithi ehlathini uyoboniswa kuphela schematically kuphela ngokuya jikelele. Uma sikubeka kalula, bawela phakathi obukhulu sonwele prolesok birch kungenzeka, futhi pine ihlathi obukhulu ukuba ulahleke lula kakhulu.

Ukukhetha indlela bese uhlole izithombe ezintsha, kutuswa ukuba ujike kumephu ubudala. Kungani kunzima kangaka? Zicabange isazi sezinto eziphilayo okukhiphayo ensimini. Udinga ukuthola indlela ihlathi esezikhulile, eyabonakala izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo isihlahla, izinhlobo eziningi ihlathi kwashintsha ngo yonke le minyaka. Ideal for ukuxazulula zonke lezi zinkinga nje ubekele ikhadi elisha ukuze sabafowabo ubudala. Ngakho, konke kuyabonakala ngokucacile ngangokunokwenzeka.

Nazi imithombo isebenzisa geography. Map - mhlawumbe ebaluleke kakhulu kubo, kodwa akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi past eyishumi, isayensi nobuchwepheshe sesenze okukhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho oyisiwula hhayi ukusizakala yonke impumelelo yesimanje.

isiphetho

Ngakho wazi ukuthi imithombo zolwazi lwendawo ngesikhathi samanje, efanele kunayo. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa sisadinga zonke ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifanayo futhi amamephu yasungulwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile. Yiqiniso, kushintshwe look yabo yesimanje.