Ikhompyutha igundane: umlando indalo. Kwakufana ikhompyutha igundane wokuqala?

Namuhla, i-mouse - okokufaka kudingeka kubo bonke amakhompyutha zanamuhla. Kodwa muva nje kwaba zonke ezahlukene. Ezamakhompiyutha ungenalo sokuqhafaza interface yomsebenzisi, yisho nedatha angafakwa usebenzisa kuphela ikhibhodi. Futhi lapho waba ngowokuqala kakhulu ikhompyutha igundane? Uyothola umangale ukubona indlela ukuziphendukela Useke wadlula evamile sifundvo ngasinye.

Ubani owasungula le khompyutha igundane wokuqala?

Douglas Engelbart kubhekwa uyise ka kule divayisi. Wayengomunye labo ososayensi abazama isayensi nakakhulu abantu abavamile futhi bathuthuke kufinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu. Nguye owasungula izinto kukhompyutha amagundane kuqala ngeminyaka yawo-1960 okuqala e lab yakhe ngaleso Stanford Research Institute (SRI manje International). I sibonelo lokuqala elakhiwa ngo-1964, e-yesicelo se-patent lokhu okusungulile bafake amaphepha 1967, yena waba okuthiwa njengenhlangano "XY ngesikhundla inkomba okwesikhathi zohlelo zokubonisa". Kodwa nencwadi engokomthetho ngaphansi inombolo 3541541 etholwe kuphela 1970.

Kodwa konke so simple?

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi wonke umuntu uyazi owadala ikhompyutha igundane wokuqala. Kodwa-trackball ubuchwepheshe (ibhola drive) yaqale esetshenziswa ngaphambili kakhulu Navy Canada. Khona-ke, ngo-1952, i-mouse kuyinto ezivamile bowling ibhola enamathiselwe eziyinkimbinkimbi hardware uhlelo, okungase nomuzwa shift zezwe futhi balingise ukunyakaza kwakhe esikrinini. Kodwa izwe kuphela wathola eminyakeni lelandzelako - sigaba ngoba kwakuyimfihlo okwaphela okusungulile lempi neze nelungelo lobunikazi kanye abazange bazame ukukhiqiza inqwaba. iminyaka engu-11 kamuva kwaba aziwayo kakade, kodwa D. Engelbart wakuthola ayizwakali. Ngaleso sikhathi akazange azi kanjani ukubeka umbono igundane futhi idivayisi.

Kanjani umqondo?

imibono Basic ku kokusungulwa lokuqala elafika D. Engelbart ngo-1961, lapho eneminyaka engu-engqungqutheleni kukhompyutha ihluzo ezindla inkinga okwandayo ukusebenza kumakhompyutha interactive. Senzeka kuye ukuthi ngokusebenzisa amasondo amabili amancane ukuthi ukuhambisa eduze tabletop (isondo elilodwa ijikeleziswa nendawo, kanye nezinye - thwi) ikhompyutha ungakwazi ukulandelela inhlanganisela ukuphendula, ngokulandelana, ukuze uhambise ikhesa esibukweni. Ngokwezinga elithile isimiso isinyathelo kufana planimeter - .. Ithuluzi esetshenziswa onjiniyela kanye zokuma kwendawo ukukala amabanga kumephu noma umdwebo, njll Khona usosayensi wabhala lo mbono notebook yakho ukuze isetshenziswe olwengeziwe.

Ngena Ngokuzayo

Esikhatsini lesingetulu nje konyaka, D. Engelbart wathola grant kusukela Institute ukuqala ucwaningo isinyathelo yayo ngokuthi "Ukuthuthukisa Human Ingqondo." Ngaphansi kwawo wayemelela uhlelo lapho abasebenzi ulwazi abasebenza ephezulu ukusebenza iziteshi ikhompyutha anezibonisi interactive, ukufinyelela olwazini olunzulu isikhala online. Ngalo, bakwazi ukusebenza ndawonye, ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa lesi simiso, okuyinto ayifuna ngabomvu entula yesimanje amadivayisi wokufaka. Phela, ukuze kahle basebenzisane izinto esikrinini, udinga ukwazi ngokushesha ukhethe kubo. NASA balithanda yephrojekthi enikeziwe isibonelelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igundane computer lwakhiwe. I inguqulo yokuqala yale kudivayisi iyafana yesimanje ngaphandle ngosayizi. Ngo parallel, ithimba abacwaningi baye baklama, namanye amadivayisi, esangenza ukulawula isikhombisi ngokucindezela isinyathelo unyawo noma amadolo ukunyakaza ngocingo ekhethekile ngaphansi kwetafula. Lezi ezisunguliwe ungazange basinda, kodwa induku yokudlala, yasungulwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kamuva ngcono futhi isasetshenziswa.

Ngo-1965, leli thimba D. Engelbart eshicilelwe umbiko wokugcina cwaningo yayo kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza izindlela ezahlukene ukukhetha izinto esikrinini. Kwakukhona ngisho amavolontiya owaba nengxenye sokuhlola. Kwenzeka kanje: Le video ibonisa izinto ezingxenyeni ezahlukene kwesikrini namavolontiya wazama njengoba ngokuchofoza amadivaysi ezahlukene ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokusho imiphumela yokuqala ikhompyutha igundane ngokucacile esiphakeme kunazo zonke namanye amadivayisi futhi afakiwe imishini esezingeni elilodwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo.

Kwakufana ikhompyutha igundane wokuqala?

It senziwa ngokhuni kwaba idivayisi lokuqala lokufaka, okuyinto ibekwe esandleni yomsebenzisi. Ukwazi isimiso wesenzo, usuvele akufanele kusimangaze, yayibukeka njengesikhonyane computer igundane wokuqala. Ngaphansi umzimba akwazi ukugcina ezimbili metal, isondo, wesifunda. Inkinobho kwakunoFakazi oyedwa vo, futhi ngocingo wangena phansi esihlakaleni womuntu, nokubamba yomculo. I sibonelo eqoqwe omunye wamalungu eqembu D. Engelbart, nomsizi wakhe, uWilliam (uBill) Inglish. Ekuqaleni, wasebenza ngenye lokwenza ucwaningo, kodwa maduze wajoyina iphrojekthi ukudala amadivayisi okokufaka, isungule futhi iqaliswe ukuklanywa ithuluzi elisha.

Itshekisela futhi shaking igundane, ungakwazi ukudweba inzuzo imigca lecondzile kahle evundla mpo.

Ngo-1967, izindlu isibe plastic.

Uvela igama?

Kuyaphawuleka akekho uyakhumbula owaqala ngokuthi kule divayisi igundane. ihlolwe 5-6 abantu bayo, kungenzeka ukuthi abanye babo lalizwakala. Ikakhulukazi ikhompyutha igundane emhlabeni wokuqala kwaba ngocingo-umsila at the ezingemuva.

eminye ngcono

Yiqiniso, prototypes ezazingafaneleki neze.

Ngo-1968 e-San Francisco engqungqutheleni ikhompyutha D. Engelbart owethulwa eziphambili kuqala kukhompyutha igundane. Babefanele izinkinobho ezintathu, ngaphezu ikhibhodi doukomplektovyvalas kudivayisi yabo esandleni sobunxele. Iphuzu laliwukuthi lokhu: ngakwesokunene ukusebenza igundane, ukukhetha kanye isebenze izinto. Futhi washiya ne lula kubangela imiyalo usebenzisa ikhibhodi encane nokhiye emihlanu eside ufana upiyano. Khona-ke kwaba sobala ukuthi yomjaho isandla wire udidekile lapho usebenzisa idivayisi, nokuthi kufanele akhonjiswe ngakolunye uhlangothi. Yiqiniso, isiqalo ngoba isandla sobunxele lingafunyanwa, kodwa Douglas Engelbart belisebenzisa kumakhompyutha abo kuze kube sezinsukwini zokugcina.

Okuqhubekayo ukuze sithuthukise

abanye Usufike izigaba kamuva yentuthuko igundane esiteji. ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi D. Engelbart ziyithole iyiphi imiklomelo kusukela wakhe wokusungula. Ngoba ngenxa yokuthi yena lobunikazi ke njengoba isazi Stanford Institute, i-Institute of Law okuthiwa ngokufanele kudivayisi.

Ngakho, ngo-1972, uBill English esiye sathatha indawo amasondo ku-trackball, esangenza bona ukuhamba igundane ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uye wasebenza at Xerox Parc inkampani, lo mkhiqizo omusha yingxenye amazinga eziphambili ohlelweni Xerox Alto. Kwakuyisikhathi mini-computer nge isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza. Ngakho-ke, abantu abaningi ngephutha sikholelwe ukuthi kukhompyutha igundane wokuqala yasungulwa ngaleso Xerox inkampani.

Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka okwenzeka nge igundane ngo-1983, lapho umdlalo ofakwa Apple. Engumthengisi Stiv Dzhobs uye Kulinganiselwa izindleko ekukhiqizweni idivayisi, elalingaba $ 300. Kwaba abiza kakhulu umthengi Ngokwesilinganiso, ngakho kwanqunywa ukuba lula Umklamo igundane bese ushintsha omunye izinkinobho ezintathu. Intengo lehla $ 15. Futhi nakuba isinqumo namanje kubhekwa impikiswano, Apple ekujaheni ukushintsha nomklamo walo yisakhiwo sodumo.

Ikhompyutha igundane wokuqala kwakuyisibonakaliso ukuma unxande noma isikwele, yokwakheka design oyindilinga uvele kuphela ngo-1991 Yafundisa inkampani Logitech. Ngaphezu ezithakazelisayo ukuma eseyintsha kwaba engenantambo: zokuxhumana nge-computer zitholakala ngezincwadi ngamagagasi omsakazo.

Eyokuqala igundane optical wabonakala ngo-1982 Kwakudingekile ukusebenza mat obukhethekile igridi ezinyathelisiwe. Futhi yize ibhola e-trackball ngokushesha engcolisa futhi imbangela ngokuphazamisa yokuthi kwakufanele njalo sihlanza igundane optical kwaba okudayiswayo ezingenanzuzo kuze 1998.

Yini okulandelayo?

Njengoba kakade, "tailed" nge-trackball cishe ayisetshenziswa. Ubuchwepheshe, ukubukeka kanye Ergonomics lwekhompuyutha amagundane is njalo ngcono. Futhi kuze kube namuhla, lapho ethandwa kakhudlwana kukhona amadivayisi nge zokuthinta, yokuthengisa zabo angawi.