Ifomula we-chlorophyll futhi yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni inqubo ye-photosynthesis

Kungani utshani, amahlamvu ezihlahla kanye ezihlabayo oluhlaza? Blame chlorophyll. Ungakwazi ukuthatha intambo eqinile yolwazi futhi bahlanganyele naye ukwazana eqinile.

indaba

Ngemva uhambo oluncane ku esingeside esidlule. Joseph Bienaimé Caventou futhi Pierre Zhozef Pellete - lokho ngubani udinga nyakazisa izandla. Abesilisa Isayensi bazama ukuhlukanisa lo mbala oluhlaza amaqabunga zezitshalo ezihlukahlukene. Kwenziwa nemizamo ethwele impumelelo ngo-1817.

Ukuze uqambe chlorophyll. Kusukela chloros Greek - oluhlaza futhi phyllon - ishidi. Ngaphandle kokwehluka osekushiwo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uMichael Rihard Vilshtetter Color saze safika esiphethweni: kuvela, kuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningana e-chlorophyll.

Rolling imikhono yakhe, Willstätter babhukula bawenza umsebenzi. Ukuhlanzwa futhi crystallization wembula izingxenye ezimbili. Call kubo nje, alpha ne-beta (a futhi b). Ukuze imisebenzi mkhakha wocwaningo we ketshezi ngo-1915, yena waklonyeliswa nge umklomelo kaNobel.

Ngo-1940 Hans Fischer wasikisela ukuthi emhlabeni wonke isakhiwo sokugcina chlorophyll "a". Inkosi zamagama URobert Burns Woodward nososayensi eziningana ezivela Melika wathola ngo-1960 i-chlorophyll nemvelo. Futhi axazulule impicabadala - ukubukeka chlorophyll.

chemical izakhiwo

Formula chlorophyll, kunqunywa kuzihlaka zokuhlola, imi kanje: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ MG. Isakhiwo kuhlanganisiwe organic dicarboxylic acid (chlorophyllin), kanye methyl utshwala phytol. Chlorophyllin - kuyinto kwakwakhe organometallic kokuba maqondana ngqo ukuze magniyporfirinam futhi equkethe i-nitrogen.

COOH

MgN ₄ OH ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Chlorophyll livela ester ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye ezisele methyl utshwala CH ₃ OH futhi phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ OH esikhundleni hydrogen amaqembu carboxyl.

Lapho esebekwe ukuba abe ngenhla ifomula isakhi-alpha-chlorophyll. Cabanga ngokucophelela, kungabonwa ukuthi i-beta-chlorophyll eyodwa yomoya-mpilo-athomu amaningi kodwa ama-athomu esingaphansi ezimbili ze-hydrogen (Cho iqembu esikhundleni CH _3). Ngakho, ngisho nezinhlayiya isisindo-alpha-chlorophyll ngaphansana beta.

Phakathi izinhlayiya zisithakazelise ndaba ixazululwe magnesium. It uxhuma 4 ama-athomu nitrogen amaqembu pyrrole. System izibopho aphansi ngokulandelana kabili kungabonakala nasemkhakheni emisipheni pyrrole.

Chromophore ekwakhekeni, kwakuvumelana okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo chlorophyll - lena N. Lokhu kwenza ukumuncwa imisebe ngabanye bohlu welanga, futhi umbala waso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usuku ilanga burns like ibe ilangabi, kusihlwa like Amalahle.

Ake sibheke usayizi. Porphyrin core ububanzi 10 NM, isinqamu fitolny kwaba isikhathi eside kunaleso 2 NM. Ngo-nucleus, asinayo i-chlorophyll kuyinto 0.25 NM, le microparticles ophakathi kwala maqembu kancane pyrrole nitrogen.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-athomu magnesium oyingxenye chlorophyll ububanzi nm 0.24 kuphela, futhi kakhulu ngokuphelele igcwalise isikhala phakathi kwama-athomu nitrogen amaqembu pyrrole, okwenza umongo engqamuzaneni ukuba namandla ngokwengeziwe.

Kungenzeka ukuba ufinyelele esiphethweni ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili ngaphansi ayinzima ngokuthi alpha ne-beta, futhi kuhlanganisa chlorophyll (a futhi b).

chlorophyll a

Ungqimba eyisihlobo molecule - 893,52. Dala microcrystals ahlukaniswe uhlale omnyama nge Tint oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. At lokushisa 117-120 degrees Celsius, basuke elicibilikile aguqule zibe uketshezi.

Esikhathini esifanayo Ethanol chloroform, acetone futhi benzene kuthiwa yahlakazeka kalula. Imiphumela ukuthatha umbala oluhlaza futhi isici esiphawuleka - fluorescence ocebile abomvu. oncibilikayo petroleum ether kancane. Amanzi akusho eziqhakaza nhlobo.

Alpha-chlorophyll Formula: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ MG. Ingqikithi e yayo isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali ukubizwa ngokuthi Chlorine. Esikhathini iringi ukuze propionic acid, okungukuthi ezisalayo yayo, phytol enamathiselwe.

Ezinye eziphilayo isitshalo, esikhundleni chlorophyll a, ifomu analogo. Lapha, iqembu ETHYL (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ ngesikhathi II indandatho pyrrole salandelwa vinyl (-CH = CH _2). molecule anjalo yakhiwa kuqala futhi iqembu vinyl ku kwenziwa indandatho eyodwa, indandatho ezimbili yesibili.

chlorophyll b

Formula chlorophyll-beta has ifomu elilandelayo: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ O ₆ MG. Isisindo yamangqamuzana we ketshezi kuyinto 903. Ngesikhathi C ₃ carbon ama-athomu e-pyrrole indandatho ezimbili Kutholwe kancane utshwala elingenalo hydrogen -HC = O, okuyinto has umbala ophuzi. Lena ngokungafani chlorophyll a.

Thina alinge kuphawulwe ukuthi izingxenye ekhethekile unomphela iseli ezibalulekile baqhubeka khona plastids yayo, chloroplast, ngokuhlala izinhlobo eziningana chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll c and d

Ngo cryptomonads, dinoflagellate, kanye batsillariofitsievyh futhi kelp zatholakala chlorophyll. porphyrin Classic - ukuthi umahluko phakathi lokhu sombala.

Ukuze ulwelwe, umbala obomvu we-chlorophyll d. Ezinye ukuthi likhona. Kukholakala ukuthi kuphela umkhiqizo chlorophyll ukonakala we. Okwamanje, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi i-chlorophyll ne d incwadi - main udayi okuthile okuyinto photosynthesis prokaryotes.

izakhiwo chlorophyll

Ngemva ucwaningo kakhulu abukho ubufakazi ukuthi izici chlorophyll, okuhlezi nezitshalo ekhishwe kuwo, wazibona dissimilarity. Chlorophyll ezitshalweni oluhambisana amaprotheni. Lokhu kufakazelwa kokuma ezilandelayo:

1. Absorption nomkhakha we-chlorophyll e iqabunga enye, uma siqhathanisa ngayo izifundo.
2. utshwala Pure ezitshalweni omisiwe izincazelo kuncike uthole namaqiniso. Isizinda ukuqhutshwa ngokuphepha ngesikhathi amahlamvu nangasemanzini, noma utshwala kufanele isipikili up ngamanzi. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso mbali chlorophyll phansi amaprotheni.
3. Material sisuselwa amaqabunga izitshalo, is ngokushesha wabhubhisa ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya-mpilo, kanzulu acid, imisebe yokukhanya.

Kodwa i-chlorophyll ezitshalweni amelana konke okungenhla.

chloroplast

Ngo izitshalo, asinayo i-chlorophyll equkethwe 1% ndaba ezomile. Thola kungenzeka e organelles olukhethekile iseli - plastids, elibonisa i ukusatshalaliswa engalingani ke ezikulesi simila. iseli plastids, ababethi umbala oluhlaza nokuba chlorophyll, abizwa ngokuthi chloroplast.

Isibalo H ₂ O e chloroplast zokhahlamba kusuka 58 kuya 75% ukudla okuqinile okuqukethwe siqukethe amaprotheni, lipids, asinayo i-chlorophyll futhi carotenoid.

chlorophyll umsebenzi

Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi i-isimanga ukufana apharathasi molecule chlorophyll futhi athwala umoya-mpilo - main ingxenye zokuphefumula igazi labantu. Umehluko wukuthi phakathi uzipho kwakwakhe yemifino sombala ibekwe magnesium-hemoglobin - yensimbi.

Phakathi kwe-photosynthesis, izimila iplanethi ubamba carbon dioxide lukhipha i-oxygen. Nasi esinye isici enkulu we-chlorophyll. Ngu umsebenzi ongaqhathaniswa elithwala umoya-mpilo, kodwa inani ukuchayeka emzimbeni womuntu ezimbalwa kakhudlwana.

Chlorophyll - sombala plant, okuyinto ebucayi ukuze ukukhanya camera oluhlaza. Okulandelayo photosynthesis, lapho microparticles yayo ukuguqula yamandla elanga amuncwa amaseli isitshalo zibe amandla amakhemikhali.

Ungakwazi ukuza iziphetho ezilandelayo photosynthesis - iyona energy conversion inqubo ilanga. Uma omethembayo Imininingwane usuku, ziphawuleka ukuthi ukugeleza synthesis organic compounds kusuka carbon dioxide futhi amanzi usebenzisa amandla okukhanya is ukubola zibe izigaba ezintathu.

isigaba №1

Lesi sigaba inqunywa nenqubo yokubola photochemical yamanzi, ngosizo i-chlorophyll. Kube kwemvelo i-oksijini yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

isigaba №2

Lapha kukhona ukusabela eziningana redox. Bathatha ukunyuswa asebenzayo we cytochromes nezinye abathwali electron. Ukusabela senzeka ngenxa yamandla okukhanya eyalo electron ngamanzi ukuze NADPH generator ATP. Lapha kugcinwa ndawonye amandla okukhanya.

isigaba №3

Kakade kwakhiwa NADPH futhi ATP isethi e motion ukuguqula isikhutha zasenza carbohydrate. Amandla okukhanya ugxile ehilelekile ukusabela 1 no-2 izigaba. Ukusabela wale mithandazo, eyesithathu ukwenzeka ngaphandle iqhaza emhlabeni futhi ngokuthi amnyama.

Photosynthesis - inqubo kuphela begazi esisuka khulula amandla iyakhula. Ngokuqondile noma ngenye indlela, ukunikeza ukufinyelela umoya ebhizinisi chemical ayehlala ezweni ezimbili ezinemilenze, ezinamaphiko, wingless, ezifuywayo, futhi ezinye izinto eziphilayo.

I-hemoglobin kanye chlorophyll

La ma-molecule ye-hemoglobin kanye chlorophyll ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo isakhiwo esifanayo athomu. Common e isakhiwo yabo PROFIN - indandatho izindandatho encane. Umehluko kubonakala otrostochkah exhunywe ProFin futhi ama-athomu elise ngaphakathi: yensimbi athomu (Fe) e-hemoglobin kusukela chlorophyll magnesium (MG).

Chlorophyll futhi athwala umoya-mpilo zifana ngezindlela isakhiwo, kodwa akha ezahlukene izakhiwo amaprotheni. Emhlabeni chlorophyll magnesium athomu kwakhiwa emhlabeni yensimbi - hemoglobin. Uma sithatha ketshezi chlorophyll-molecule futhi ukunqamula i umsila fitolny (20 carbon chain), ushintsho magnesium yensimbi athomu, green sombala ibe bomvu. Ngenxa yalokho - kokuqendwa elithwala umoya-mpilo-molecule.

Amuncwa chlorophyll kuyashesha futhi kulula, sibonga ngokunembile kule okufana ngaso. ukwesekwa Good umzimba nge-oksijini indlala. Ematisa igazi micronutrients ezidingekayo, yingakho-ke Kungcono ukudlulisela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni efana emangqamuzaneni. Kwenzeka ukukhululwa esifike okulahlwayo, ubuthi kanye imfucuza esukela umzimba wemvelo. It has nomthelela ithule amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, esibatshela.

Kuchazwe iqhawe ngaphandle kokwesaba futhi ngobuhle engajakadi ivikela, kuqinisa cell ulwelwesi, ekusizeni sokutakula ezicutshini. Ngu uquketheni chlorophyll ingase ihlanganise ukuphulukisa ngokushesha izilonda, amanxeba kanye erosions ezahlukene. Kuthuthukisa umsebenzi mzimba egqanyisiwe ikhono ukubopha iziyaluyalu sokugembula molecule e-DNA.

A mkhuba omuhle ekwelapheni izifo kanye imikhuhlane. Lokhu akulona lonke uhlu wezenzo ezinhle izidakamizwa sibuyekezwe.