Ibhomu eliqanjiwe TU-95: imininingwane kanye nezithombe

I-TU-95 ibhomu elide elide, elisevisi neRussian Federation. Kuyindlela ethintekayo yokuthutha i-missile carrier kwi-turboprop traction. Kuze kube manje, ingenye yezimpi zokubhilika okusheshayo emhlabeni. E-American codification ikhethwe ngokuthi "Bear". Lena yindiza ye-turboprop yaseRussia yokugcina, eyamukelwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial. Okwamanje kunezinguquko eziningi.

Umlando wokwakhiwa

Umthumbi we-bomber-missile TU-95 efomeni yayo yangempela yenzelwe u-Andrey Tupolev ngo-1949. Izentuthuko zenziwa ngesisekelo se-85th model of the aircraft. Ngo-1950, isimo sezombangazwe ezungeze i-USSR sasidinga ukuqiniswa kwamasu okusheshayo. Yilokho okwabangela ukudala isithwali esisha se-missile esithuthukile esinezici eziphakeme kakhulu zokuhamba nezivinini. Umgomo wokuthuthukiswa kwakuwukuba ufinyelele ububanzi obukhulu esikhathini esincane kakhulu.

Ehlobo lika-1951 lo msebenzi wawuphethwe nguN. Bazenkov, kodwa maduzane waphumelelwa nguS. Jaeger. Yilokho okushiwo ukuthi ubaba we "Bear". Kakade esesiteji sokuqala emidwebeni, ibhomu le-Tu-95 limangale ngobukhulu balo namandla. Ukuze uthole iphrezentheshini eningiliziwe yephrojekthi, imodeli yokhuni yayihlangene.

Ngo-Okthoba 1951, i-TU-95 ekugcineni yavunyelwa ukukhiqizwa. Lesi sibonelo sakhiwe izinyanga ezimbalwa. Futhi ngo-September 1952 kuphela indiza yalethwa enkundleni yezindiza yaseZhukovsky. Ukuhlolwa kwezitshalo akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside. Ukuhlolwa kwaphumelela, ngakho kungakapheli inyanga kunqunywe ukuthatha ukukhishwa kokuqala kwisampula sebhomu. Ukuhlolwa kwahlala cishe ngonyaka. Ngenxa yalokho, indiza embonini yesikhungo esinezici zemvelo yabonisa ukuthi izimbangela eziningana ezingathí sina. I-injini yesithathu ayizange idlule ukuhlolwa. Umciphisi wakhe wehla ngenxa yomlilo izinyanga ezimbili emva kokuqala kokuhlolwa. Ngakho-ke, onjiniyela babhekana nomsebenzi wokulungisa amaphutha okwenziwe, ngakho-ke ngenkathi kuhamba indiza yangempela lokho kungase kukhishwe. Ekupheleni kuka-1953, ngenxa yezinkinga ezifanayo, kwabulawa amalungu ayi-11 abasebenzi, kuhlanganise nomphathi.

Ukuhamba kuqala

Isibonelo esisha se-bhomu sangena enkundleni yezindiza ngoFebruwari 1955. Khona-ke umshayeli wokuhlola wamiswa uMnuz Nyukhtikov. Nguye owenza indiza yokuqala embonweni omusha. Izivivinyo zaqedwa ngonyaka kuphela. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isisombululo se-bomber-missile carrier TU-95 senza izindiza ezingaba ngu-70.

Ngo-1956, indiza yaqala ukufika enkundleni yezindiza yase-Uzin ukuze isebenzise ngokwengeziwe. Ukuzivuselela kwe-bhomu kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950. Umhlangano wokukhiqiza kanye nesikhashana we-TU-95 wenziwa yi-Kuibyshev Aviation Plant. Kwakukhona lapho okwokuqala kwakukhona ukuhlukahluka kwesithwala se-misssile nempi ye-nyukliya. Kancane kancane imodeli engu-95 yakhiwe kabusha ngenxa yazo zonke izidingo zezempi: ukuhlonishwa, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okude, ukuhamba kwabashayeli, i-laboratory emoyeni, njll.

Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-TU-95 kuluhlaza. Noma kunjalo, iphrojekthi isasekelwa yi-Air Force kanye neziphathimandla zaseRussia.

Izici zobunjiniyela

I-carrier ye-missile ine-autonomous system yokudla ye-DC yokushisa amaphiko, i-keel, i-stabilizer ne-screws. Izinjini ngokwazo zinamaqembu we-biaxial ama-AV-60K. Igumbi lezimpahla liphakathi kwe-fuselage, eduze nesiqalisi, lapho imicibisholo engama-6 ehlanganiswa khona. Kungenzeka ukuthi unamathisele imikhiqizo eyengeziwe ekumiswe.

Ibhomu laseRussia i-TU-95 iyimoto enomoya enezimoto zokuhamba ngamatric. Isondo ngalinye elingemuva linesistimu yalo yokukhwabanisa. Uma ususa ama-support asetshenziselwa i-fuselage ne-gondolas yephiko. I-front pair of wheels ifakwe isimiso se-hydraulic, futhi amasondo angemuva anemishini kagesi enegunya eliphelele lama-watts angu-5200. Ukuvula okuphuthumayo kwe-chassis kunokwenzeka kuphela ngosizo lomshini wokuwina.

Abasebenzi basezinkampanini ze-hermetic. Esimweni esiphuthumayo, izihlalo ze-ejection zixhunywe kusukela endizeni ngokusebenzisa i-hatch ekhethekile ekhonjwe ngenhla kwegiya lokugijima ngaphambili kwe-chassis. Amabhande okuhambisa ngesandla asetshenziswa njengezingwegwe. Ukuthunjwa okuvela ngemuva kwebhombisi kunikezwa ngokuqedwa kwe-drop-off.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isithwala se-missile sinezimoto ezikhethekile zempilo uma kwenzeka ukufika ngokuphuthumayo emanzini.

Izici zenjini

I-Turbo-prop bomber TU-95 iphakathi kwezindiza ezintathu ezinamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni jikelele. Lo mphumela utholakala ngenxa ye-NK-12 injini, ene-turbine ewusizo kakhulu kanye ne-compressor engu-14. Ukuze ulungise izinkomba, isistimu ye-valve ye-bypass isetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-NK-12 kungena ku-35%. Lesi sibalo phakathi kwama-turboprop amabhomu aqoshiwe.

Ukuze kube lula ukulungiswa kokunikezwa kwephethiloli, injini iklanyelwe endaweni eyodwa. Umthamo we-NK-12 unama-alitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-15. Nge. Kulesi simo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kulinganiselwa ku-12 000 kgf. Ngendawo egcwele igesi, indiza ingahamba kuze kufike kumahora angu-2500 (cishe izinsuku ezingu-105). Isisindo se injini ngamathani ayi-3.5. Ekude, i-NK-12 iyinhlangano yamamitha ama-5.

Ukungalungi kwe-injini yisilinganiso somsindo ophezulu. Namuhla yiyona indiza enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Iyakwazi ukubona ngisho nokufakwa kwezindawo zasemanzini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho isiteleka se nyukliya sisetshenziswa, lokhu akuyona inkinga ebalulekile.

Kwezinye izici ze-carrier ye-missile, kukhona izikuluzi zamamitha angu-5.6. Futhi kufanelekile ukunakekelwa yilona uhlelo lwezinhlamvu zokulwa ne-icing. Kuyinto unit electrothermal. I-fuel engena injini ivela emathangi e-fuselage ne-caisson. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-TVD ezomnotho kanye nesistimu yokuthuthukiswa kwe-screw, isikhungo sezindiza esinesibindi esiphezulu se-"hardy" ngokuphathelene nobubanzi bezindiza yi-bhu-TU-95.

Izimpawu zenkampani yokuthutha i-missile

Indiza ingakwazi ukuhlala kubantu abangaba ngu-9 kubasebenzi. Ngenxa yemininingwane ethile yesicelo, ibhomu elide lingamamitha angu-46.2. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukujwayelana kwephiko elilodwa lingamamitha angu-50. Ubukhulu bezinsizakalo ze-missile carrier buyamangaza kakhulu iso. Indawo yephiko elilodwa kuphela elifinyelela kumamitha angu-290 square. M.

Isisindo se-TU-95 sinqunywa ngamathani angu-83.1. Noma kunjalo, ngesisindo esiphelele se-tank senyukela ku-120 000 kg. Futhi ngomthwalo omkhulu wokusebenza, ubukhulu bungaphezu kwama-170 amathani. Amandla alinganisiwe wesistimu yokuqhuma ama-kW ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40.

Ngenxa ye-NK-12, leli bhomu likwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esingama-890 km / h. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhamba nge-autopilot kunqunyelwe ku-750 km / h. Ngokwenzayo, ububanzi besithwali se-missile cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-12 000. Ukuphakama kwesiphakamiso kuyahluka kuya ku-11.8 km. Ukuze ususe, indiza izodinga ibhande lama-2.3 000 wamamitha.

Impi yebhomu

Indiza iyakwazi ukuphakamisa izinhlamvu ezingu-12 zamathani. Amabhomu okuhamba ngezinyawo atholakala egumbini le-fuselage. Ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi yenyukliya ewela mahhala ngesisindo samathani angu-9 kuvunyelwe.

I-TU-95 ibhomu ibhekene nezikhali zokuzivikela kuphela. Iqukethe izibhamu ezingu-23 mm. Ezinguquko eziningi, ama-AM-23 amawele afakwe ezingxenyeni eziphansi, ezingenhla nangaphezulu zezindiza. Ezimweni ezingavamile, kukhona isibhamu sezindiza GSh-23.

Uma kwenzeka ukufakwa kwe-AM-23, isithwali se-missile sinomshini okhethekile wokukhipha igesi othomathikhi. Isibhamu sinamathele entwasahlobo yokushuswa kwentwasahlobo kanye namabhokisi okuqondisa wezindlu. I-shutter kuzo zombili lezi zimo i-wedge eyithambekele. Ukuqoqa amandla nokunciphisa umthelela ovela ebhukwini elingemuva, kusetshenziswe iyunithi ekhethekile yokushaja ye-pneumatic.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ubude be-AM-23 buba ngamamitha angu-1.5. Isisindo sesibhamu esinjalo singama-43 kg. Izinga lomlilo lingama-round round 20 ngomzuzwana.

Izinkinga zokusebenza

Ukuthuthukiswa komphathi we-missile kwaqala ngezinkinga ezibonakalayo. Esinye sezimo eziyinhloko kwakuyi-cabin. Ekuqaleni, isibhamu se-TU-95 sasingasetshenziselwa izindiza ezide. Ngenxa yezihlalo zokuzivikela ezingenakulungele, abasebenzi babevame ukuzwa ubuhlungu emhlane, imilenze yayinzima. Indlu yangasese kwakuyi-tank ejwayelekile ephathekayo enezihlalo zangasese. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igumbi lalime kakhulu futhi liyashisa, umoya wawugcwele uthuli lwamafutha. Ngenxa yalokho, iqembu lala ukwenzela izindiza ezindala kule ndege engakalungiselelwa.

Ngokuphindaphindiwe kwakukhona izinkinga ngenqubo yeoli injini. Ebusika, ingxube yamaminerali yaqina, eyathinta ngokuqondile ukuguqulwa kwezikrini. Ezimweni zokuqala ukuqala izinjini, ama-turbines kwakudingeka athuthukiswe kusengaphambili. Isimo sishintshile ngokukhululwa kwamafutha okhethekile okukhiqizwa okukhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala

Ibhomu le-TU-95 labonwa okokuqala e-aerodrome esifundeni saseKieya ngasekupheleni kuka-1955. Njengoba kwenzeka, ngesikhathi esisodwa iziqalo eziningana kanye nokuguqulwa kwagcwaliswa ngemigqa ye-409 TBAP. Ngonyaka olandelayo, kwakhiwa elinye iqembu leqembu, lapho kwakukhona khona indawo ye-TU-95. Sekuyisikhathi eside izithwala zezingxube zisezinkonzweni kuphela ne-Ukrainian Air Force ye-USSR. Nokho, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. I-TU-95 kanye nokuguqulwa kwayo kwagcwala ama-hangars empi emkhakheni weRussia yanamuhla.

Inhloso yokwenza imibuthano ejikeleze amabhomu ayebhekiswe ekuhlaselweni kwamandla empi ka-NATO eningizimu ye-Asia, kanye nase-PRC. Izindiza zazihlale ziqaphile. Ngokushesha iziphathimandla zase-US zaqaphela ukuqoqwa okunamandla okulwa kwamandla okulwa kusukela ezisekelweni zabo futhi baqala ukuxhuma izibopho zombuso. Ngenxa yalokho, i-USSR kwadingeka isakaze iningi lalabo abathintekayo bezinsizakalo kuyo yonke indawo yayo.

Kusukela ngawo-1960. I-TU-95 manje yaqaphela phezu kwe-Arctic, i-Indian Ocean, indawo yase-Atlantic neBrithani. Ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinyathelo ezinjalo, amazwe asabela ngokuhlukumezeka, egoqa phansi abathwali be-missile. Kodwa-ke, ngokusemthethweni akukho marekhodi anjalo anziwe ngamacala anjalo.

Isicelo ezikhathini zamuva

Entwasahlobo ka-2007, izithwala zaseRussia ezibhekene nemishini yamasosha ziqaphele ngokuphindaphindiwe emoyeni ngemuva kokuvivinya impi yaseBrithani. Izigameko ezifanayo zenzeke eClyde Bay nase- Hebrides. Noma kunjalo, njalo ngezikhathi ezimbalwa, abagijimi baseBrithani babekhuphukela esibhakabhakeni bese behamba ne-TU-95 ngaphandle kwemingcele yabo ngaphansi kwesongo sokushaya.

Ukusuka ngo-2007 kuya ku-2008, izithuthi zamasongo zabonakala phezu kwezizinda zasempi zase-NATO nezindiza zemikhumbi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwaba khona ukuqhuma okulodwa kwebhomu le-TU-95. Kwakungekho incazelo esemthethweni yezizathu zengozi.

Namuhla, "Izinyosi" ziqhubeka nemisebenzi yazo yomhlaba jikelele.

Ukushona kwezindiza

Ngokwezibalo, njalo eminyakeni emibili kunengozi eyodwa enkulu yebhomu le-TU-95. Ngokuphelele, izithwala ezingu-31 zezingxube zishone ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Inani lokufa ngabantu abangu-208.

Ingozi yakamuva yombhomu we-TU-95 yenzeke ngoJulayi 2015. Le nhlekelele yenzeke ngokuguqulwa kwendiza. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kushayisana ngukuthi ochwepheshe babhekisela esimweni esingasasebenzi seyunithi.

Ukuphahlazeka kwamabhomu eTU-95 MS kwabulala amalungu amabili abasebenzi. Ukulimala kwenzeka ngaseKhabarovsk. Njengoba kwenzeka, umphathi we-missile wenqaba ngokushesha zonke izinjini ezindizeni.

Ezikhali

I-TU-95 yayiyi-balance of the USSR Air Force kwaze kwawa ukuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991. Ngaleso sikhathi, iningi lalisesigodlweni sase-Ukraine - cishe amathwali angu-25. Bonke bafika e-Uzin. Ngo-1998, isisekelo saphela. Umphumela waba ukukhansela izindiza kanye nokubhujiswa kwabo okulandelayo. Ingxenye yamabhomu aqhutshelwa kabusha ngokuhweba kwezokuhweba.

Ngo-2000, u-Ukraine wathumela i-TU-95 esele eRussian Federation ukuba ikhokhe ingxenye yesikweletu somphakathi. Ingqikithi yenkokhelo yayingaba ngu-$ 285 million. Ngo-2002, ama-5 TU-95 ashintshelwa izindiza ezinamandla.

Kuze kube manje, iRussia inezinsimbi ezingaba ngu-30 ezithwala imishini e-Russia. Amanye amayunithi angama-60 asesitoreji.

Izinguquko ezinkulu

Ukuhluka okuvame kakhulu koqobo kuyi-TU-95 MS. Lezi yizindiza ezithwala imicibisholo yokuhamba nge-X-55. Kuze kube manje, bahlala bekhulu kakhulu phakathi kwesinye isibonelo se-95.

Ukuguqulwa okulandelayo okuthandwa kakhulu yi-TU-95A. Kuyindlela imishini yokuqalisa imishini yamandla enyukliya. Uhlome ngamakamelo akhethekile wokugcina izimpi zemisebe. Okunye okumele kuqaphele kukhona ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo ngezinhlamvu "U" no "KU".

Ukuqhathaniswa nabalingani bangaphandle

Okungenani kakhulu ngokwemibandela yezobuchwepheshe ze-TU-95 yi-American B-36J ne-B-25H ebhomu. Ngokusho kwesisindo sokulinganisa nobukhulu, akukho umehluko omkhulu. Kodwa-ke, umphathi we-missile waseRashiya uhlakulela isivinini esikhulu esiphezulu: 830 km / h ngokumelene no 700 km / h. Futhi, i-TU-95 ine-radius yokulwa okuningi nokubanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-analogues aseMelika anesipiliyoni esiwusizo samaphesenti angama-20 ephakeme kanye nendawo enkulu yezimpahla (ngamathani ayi-7-8). Inqwaba yezinjini cishe ilingana.