"Angara" (ukuqala imoto): ukucaciswa nokuqaliswa

Izindiza emkhathini iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka emva kokuqaliswa kwe-satellite yokuqala yeyishumi kuye kwaba njalo ukuthi isakhamuzi esijwayelekile asizilandele eduze. Emjikelezweni womhlaba oseduze, amakhulu ezinsimbi zezinhloso ezihlukahlukene ziyajikeleza njalo. Ama-satellite anika ukuxhumana, ukubhekwa, ukuhamba, asetshenziselwa ukucwaninga, futhi abe yizici ezifanayo zokuphila kwanamuhla njengamaselula, abafundi be-laser noma amakhompiyutha abo, izizukulwane zangaphambilini ezingase ziphuphe kuphela.

Kodwa izinto zesikhala sokufakelwa kufanele zifakwe ezizindeni ezibekiwe, futhi lokhu sekube ibhizinisi elifanayo njengamasevisi ajwayelekile okuthutha ahlinzekwa ngamabhizinisi okuzivocavoca, izindiza, izinkampani zokuthumela noma izitimela. I-Russia iyona mholi wezwe ekulethwe kweziphuphutheki ezikhathini esiseduzane nomhlaba. I-space rocket "i-Angara", kungenzeka ukuthi maduzane iyoba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lomsebenzi.

Amandla angama-centrifugal

Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, iRussia yalahlekelwa ngokomthetho i-cosmodrome yayo enkulu, esekelwe esifundeni saseBaikonur futhi yaba yi-Kazakh. Yebo, ungayisebenzisa, kodwa manje kufanele ukhokhele, futhi kuningi kakhulu. Izizathu zokuthi kungani amasayithi okuqalwa okwakhiwa kwezindiza zokuqala zaseSoviet akha endaweni engeningizimu yezwe elula. Ukusondelana kwe-cosmodrome kuya kwe-equator, amandla amakhulu e- centrifugal ngenxa yokujikeleza kweplanethi ezungeze i-axis yayo. Ngakho-ke, amandla amakhulu omhlaba we rocket akwazi ukunqoba, adinga uphethiloli omncane (ezinye izibonelo: eKapa Canaveral, eFrance Guinea). Ukuthembela kweRussia emazweni angaphandle, ngisho nobungane kakhulu, akuthandeki. I-Cosmodromes "Plesetsk" ne "Vostochny" yiziqephu ezintsha zokuqala, okumele ziqaliswe kuzo esikhathini esizayo. "I-Angara", imoto yokuqalisa isizukulwane esisha, kufanele ibe namandla ngokwanele ukubeka imoto yezokuhweba zibe yi-orbit ezindaweni ezingasenyakatho yeBaikonur.

Imisebenzi ye-KB

Ngaphambi kochwepheshe be-GKNPTS im. I-MV Khrunichev, ne-KB (i-Energia, i-KB Makeev, i-Energomash, njll), esebenza ngokubambisana naye, wabeka umsebenzi wokwakha isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esadlula uhla lwezindaba ezisetshenziswe ngaphambili. Kwalabo abakhiwe e-Ukraine, "amaProtons", "ama-Cyclone" no-"Zenith-2." Zonke lezi sampuli zobuchwepheshe besikhala kufanele zibuyise umsizi we-Angara. Izici zobuchwepheshe zezinhlobo ezahlukene zemidiya zihlukile emandleni kanye nokukhululeka kokukhokhwa okufakwa ku-orbit. Ukuze kufinyelelwe yonke indawo, kwakudingeka indlela entsha yokucabanga.

Iphini likaPhini loMqondisi Jikelele we- SPC. I-Khrunicheva A. A. Medvedev ngenkathi umsebenzi kule phrojekthi evikela ukukhulunywa kwakhe okudokotela. Kamuva wahola ithimba lokwakha.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-modular

Kusukela ekuqaleni, izithuthi zaseSoviet zakhiwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Imikhumbi yeVostok yayinezinjini emapakethe amane azungeze isikhwama semisi. Abaqambi be-Khrunichev State Space Research and Center Production baqashwe hhayi nje kuphela ukudala uhlelo oluqinile kakhulu olukwazi ukubeka imithwalo enzima ngaphakathi. Kwakudingeka ukuba yakhelwe umndeni wabathwali bamakhono ahlukahlukene ukuletha izinto ezihlukahlukene eziya endaweni eseduze. Ngakho kwakukhona uchungechunge lwe "Angara".

Imoto yokuqalisa ihlanganisa nomklamo wayo i-module eyodwa yonke ehlukahlukene "Angara 1.1" ne "Angara 1.2". Ama-UMs amathathu noma amahlanu adala amandla aphezulu okuthwala imithwalo yamakilasi alandelayo "Angara-A3" ne "Angara-A5". Lezi zindlela zenza uhlelo lube yinto yonke futhi lwandise amandla okuhweba ejensi lesikhala saseRashiya, elingenalutho lokusebenzisa ukuguquguquka nokugwema izindleko ezingadingekile.

Kukhona omunye umehluko obaluleke kakhulu futhi inzuzo ukuthi "i-Angara" ibonakala - imoto yokuqaliswa yakhiwe ngokuphelele eRussia futhi ihlonywe kuphela ngamayunithi asekhaya nasemakhayeni. Izenzakalo zakamuva zibonisa ngokucacile ukusimama komnotho we-space-technology sovereignty we-Russian Federation.

Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe

Isikhombisi esiyinhloko yisisindo ukuthi i-rocket ye-Angara ingafaka ngaphakathi. Izici zobuchwepheshe zixhomeke enombolweni yamamojuli amancane ahlanganisiwe kuhlanganiswa kwayo. Ngokwehlukile kunamandla kakhulu othwala (uchungechunge A-7, ngokusho kwenombolo ye-UM) ngesisindo esiphezulu samathani angaphezu kuka-1100, ukukhokhelwa kwamaholo kufinyelela kumathani angu-35. Lokhu kufana nokuthi iProteton-M ingavusa, kusukela ku-Baikonur. Isigaba esiphakathi simelelwe ngu-A-3 version, singathatha amathani angu-14.6, kuyilapho ithola amathani angu-481. Futhi ekugcineni, i-rocket eyisivivinya kakhulu kunazo zonke i-Angara, izici zazo ezihambisana nezinto ezingenazo ezinkulu kakhulu nezinzima, okuvame ukudingwa ukuba zihanjiswe emkhathini (3.8 amathani).

Ngaphandle kokuguquguquka kwemishini, kunesinye isimo esibalulekile esandisa ukuncintisana kokuhlola isikhala seRussia sokuthengisa isikhala. Isimiso sokwakha modular senza kube lula futhi eshibhile ukuhambisa abathwali ku-cosmodrome. Amakhophi angathathwa ngisho ngesitimela ngendlela engafakiwe.

Izinkinga zemvelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-heptyl njengophethiloli wezinsimbi ezinzima ngokubambisana nama-oxidants aphezulu kakhulu kudala ingozi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo endaweni lapho kwenzeka ingozi noma ezinye izimo ezingavamile. Isisekelo se module ngayinye ye-rocket, esithwala ngayo "i-Angara", iyinjini ye-RD-191, esebenza ku-RG-1 i-diesel. I-oxidizing agent i-oksijeni egcwele amanzi, okukhulisa kakhulu ukuphepha kwesistimu nokunciphisa imiphumela eyingozi emvelweni. Kulesi simo, imoduli ngayinye yendawo yonke idala uhlaka lwamathani angu-212.6.

Ukuklama

Iprojekthi yombono yavunyelwa nguYa. N. Koptev, inhloko yeRosaviakosmos, futhi avunywe yiNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela, ogunyaziwe olubandakanya imisebenzi yeBlack Bureau. Umsebenti waqhubeka iminyaka eyishumi, ngenxa yalokho, lesi sibonelo sahlolwa. Ngonyaka we-2008, ukuhlolwa komlilo kwendikimba yamaminisi ehlanganisiwe kwenzeka eKhimmash (FC SIC RKP). Kwathi ngo-2009, badlulisela lokho okuthiwa "ukuhlolwa okubandayo" kanye nokuhlolwa kwamabhentshini ama-hydraulic systems, ama-fuel assemblies asebenzisa izingxenye zephethiloli. Ekugcineni, ngo-2010 wonke ama-node we-Angara URM ahlolwe ngendlela ephelele. Imoto yokuqaliswa yaqashelwa njengoba isebenza. Zonke izinyunithi nezinhlelo zenziwa ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwesimo. Manje emgqeni kwakuyizivivinyo zendiza.

Qala umzamo wokuqala

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izibalo zinembile kangakanani, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlolwa komhlabathi kanye namabhentshi kudlulile kangakanani, ubufakazi obubalulekile bokusebenza kwanoma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe besikhala kuyisethulo esiphumelelayo. Kwahlelwa ukuthi ngoJuni 27, 2014 "Angara" izoqala kusukela ku-Plesetsk cosmodrome. Imoto yokuqalisa yayizophakamisa isigaba sesibili ngaphandle kokungena emgwaqeni, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemali okulinganisa ukukhokha, ukunqoba amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-5.7 eceleni kwe-trajectory ye-ballistic bese iwela endaweni ekhethiwe yaseKamchatka (u-test Kura). Lokho akuzange kwenzeke ngalolo suku. Cishe imizuzu engamashumi nesigamu ngaphambi kokuqala, uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo luhlinzeke ngolwazi ngokungahambi kahle kohlelo lwephethiloli, oluvezwe ekucindezelweni kwengcindezi ku-dampener ye-oxyidizer. Isikhathi sokuqala sokuqala simisiwe. Mhlawumbe uMongameli waseRussia wayecasuliwe ngenxa yalokhu kungasebenzi, kodwa, ngokusobala, wayejabule ngokuthi uhlelo oluhlakaniphile aluvumelanga ukukhathazeka okuningi.

Indiza iyajwayelekile

Amafutha ashiswa, i-rocket isusiwe kusukela ku-launch pad futhi zonke izinhlelo zihlolwe ngokuqinile emhlanganweni nasesikhungweni sokuhlola. Kuthathe isikhathi eside kunokulindelwe, ngakho ukuqala kwahlehliswa futhi. Ekugcineni, kwenzeka, kwenzeka ngoJulayi 9. Indiza idluliselwe kumodi evamile ehleliwe. Ngomzuzwana wesi-43 wemizuzu engama-4 emva kokuqala, isigaba sokuqala sahlukanisa futhi sawela e- Pechora Sea . Isigaba sesibili saqala injini ngemizuzwana emibili, sasebenza imizuzu engu-8. Imizuzwana engu-11 Ukusetha kabusha i-heading fairing kwenzeka ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-10 ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sokuqala. Ngokuvamile, konke kwahamba ngokucacile esimweni esinikeziwe. Ukuhamba konke eKamchatka kuthatha imizuzu engu-21.

Ikusasa le-Angara

Okwamanje kwakukhona ukuqaliswa kokubili, futhi bobabili baphumelele. Ngesikhatsi sesibili, imodeli emibili yamathani yayifakwa kwi- orbit geostationary , okwakuzobe ifakwe ngaphansi kolwandle. Kuzo zombili izimo, ukuguqulwa kwakulula, asikho isidingo sokuletha amathani angu-35 kwisikhala esiseduzane-Emhlabeni, nakuba izici ze-Angara A-7 missile zivumele lokhu.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ngemuva kokunqoba inkinga yezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele, ukusebenzisana ngamazwe emkhathini kuzongena esiteji esisha sokuthuthukiswa, i-ISS entsha izovela, noma umbono wezindiza zezindiza zizovela. Esikhathini esilandelayo, umshuwalense onamandla kunazo zonke uzoba yizokuthutha okuzoletha ku-orbit indawo enkulu yokupaka izingxenye ezindaweni zokuhlangana.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umsebenzi uqhubeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi "i-Angara" ukuqaliswa komuntu.