Ingabe kunenkinga eKazakhstan? Izimbangela zezinhlekelele eKazakhstan

Ochwepheshe bathi ngesimo esinzima sezomnotho eKazakhstan ngonyaka wesibili. Naphezu kwemizamo yokunciphisa imiphumela yezimo ezimbi ezithinta inhlalakahle yezezimali yezwe, maphakathi no-2015 iziphathimandla zaqaphela iqiniso lesimo esibucayi. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kwaphawulwa nguMongameli weRiphabhlikhi Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kukhona ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kwesimo samanje esimweni sezomnotho sezwe, kodwa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe kunenkinga e-Kazakhstan ayisekho yini nanamuhla. Kuzwakala kokubili izakhamizi ezijwayelekile, kanye nebhizinisi kuwo wonke amazinga, kanye nabamele abemboni. Enye ingxenye yabahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi isimo sizowohloka eminyakeni ezayo, kodwa ezinye izinkampani zezezimali zithemba ekuthuthukiseni isimo nemisebenzi kahulumeni omusha.

Izici zenkinga yamanje

Ubuthakathaka besisekelo sezomnotho saseKazakhstan sazizwa ngo-2008, kwathi ngo-2013. Ngokwezinga elithile, ukuqina kwesimo samanje kubangelwa izinkinga ezingaxazululwa kulezo zinsuku. Noma kunjalo, inkinga yeKazakhstan ngo-2015 inezici zayo. Kubonakala ngezimbangela zangaphandle, eziye zathinta ukuhlukumeza kokuphikisana kwangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izinga lezinkinga ezithinta cishe zonke izindawo. Ngokombiko wezobuchwepheshe, abathumekisi, kanye nabahlanganyeli emabhizinisini aphakathi namancane, sebevele bebhekene nokulahlekelwa okukhulu.

Isici esiyingqayizivele senkinga yamanje kwaba ukuhlanganiswa komkhakha wezimpahla. Futhi lapha singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izici ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okokuqala kuwumkhuba jikelele emnothweni wezwe - ukuhamba kokuthunyelwa kwezinsiza nge-orientation kuya emakethe yasekhaya, okubuhlungu kunoma yimuphi umnotho. Futhi iphuzu lesibili ukuthi umnotho we-republic uhlobene eduze neRashiya. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ngo-2015 inkinga yamafutha e-Kazakhstan yaqala, ethonywe ngabathintekayo emakethe yomhlaba. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile kwezinto ezicacile zenkinga kanye nezindlela ezingahle zivele kuzo, kubalulekile ukucabangela ngokuningiliziwe izici ezanikele ekuthuthukisweni kwayo.

Izimbangela zangaphandle

Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko izazi eziningi zibiza umdlalo wase-US emakethe yamafutha. Okwamanje, isu laseMelika lilandela imigomo emibili: ukuqinisa imali yayo emakethe yomhlaba, kanye nokunciphisa ngamanani amanani egolide "elimnyama," ukuze kuqiniswe isikhundla seRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungakhohlwa ngengozi yomhlaba wonke. E-Kazakhstan, kukhona cishe izinqubo ezifanayo ezenzeka eBrazil naseChina. Naphezu kokuhlukana kwamamodeli ezomnotho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezibonakalayo kuthinta ukwehla kweGDP. Ngokuyinhloko, ukushintshela emakethe yasekhaya kungabangela ukuba kube nezinkinga emkhakheni wezezimali. Le nqubo ingacatshangwa njengemvelo futhi iyadingeka kunoma yikuphi umnotho othuthukayo. Kodwa kunezinye izizathu eziningi ezibangele inkinga.

Izici zangaphakathi

Noma kunjalo, ingxenye enkulu yocwaningo ikholelwa ukuthi kwakungukuphathwa kabi kwezomnotho e-republic ngokwayo eyabangela izinkinga zamanje. Izimbangela zangaphakathi zenkinga e-Kazakhstan zihlotshaniswa nokuhleleka okungekho kwemali, okwenziwe ngonyaka wama-2000 ngokulandelana kwesimo sezomnotho. Njengoba ingena ezimakethe zesifunda nezomhlaba ngokusebenzisa i-WTO ne-Eurasian Union, kwabonakala ngokucacile ukuthi imikhiqizo yaseKazakhstan yayingeke ikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokuncintisana okukhulu ngenxa yobuciko bokuziphatha nobuchwepheshe.

Esinye isici esathonya ukuwohloka kwalesi simo kwakukungenelela kukahulumeni ebhizinisini. Le nqubo yaqala ngo-2005, lapho osomabhizinisi abancane nabamaphakathi bephoqelelwa ngaphandle kwemakethe. Ukwandisa ingxenye yesigaba somphakathi futhi kuholele ukuthi namhlanje eKazakhstan, inhlekelele eyathinta osomabhizinisi ngokwabo.

Izizathu ezingaqondile

Sekushiwo kakade mayelana nokuxhumana okude komnotho waseRussia nesimo sezimali se-republic. Kuyinto ithonya engxenyeni yomakhelwane omkhulu okhomba izici zezombangazwe ezenza kube nzima ukubhekana nesimo sezomnotho eKazakhstan. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi yizigwebo ezifanayo, ithonya elingavamile lapho ekugcineni lithinta ukuncintisana okuphansi kwamabhizinisi aseKazakhstani, i-dollarization ekhulayo yezimali nokungazethembi izakhamuzi ukuze zithathwe. Lokhu kungukuthi, singasho ukuthi eKazakhstan le nkinga iyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba ikhula ngaphansi kwethonya lemibandela yezombusazwe nezombusazwe. Ngenxa yobulungiswa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umthelela omubi wesimo esinzima somnotho waseRussia uthinta amanye amazwe asebambisene nabo, okwenza ngomqondo othile ingqungquthela enonya lapho kungekho khona ukusekela okuqinile ukuze kuphume isimo esibucayi.

Kwenzekani ngokuphindisela?

Le nkinga yabangela ukwehla okubukhali ekubalukeleni kwe-dollar. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokumemezelwa kwenhloko ye-republic, izinga likhuphuke lisuka ku-188 kuya ku-255 lithatha idola ngalinye. Ngokuqondene namanani, inkinga yezimali eKazakhstan ayizange ithinte imikhiqizo yokudla, kodwa imishini nemishini yakhula kakhulu.

Phakathi kwezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza ukuwa kwe-tenge, inothi lishintshe kumgomo wezimali we-republic, okwakungakaze kwaziswe kusengaphambili. Maphakathi no-2015, uhulumeni umemezele ukuqaliswa kwesamba semali emithethweni emisha. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesuquko eshintshiwe ukukhanselwa kwekhari lwemali kanye ne-float yamahhala yenkambo. Lokhu kuphinda kuqinisekise ukuthi eKazakhstan inhlekelele ayifaki ukuxazulula okusheshayo futhi ingahlala isikhathi eside. Kunoma yikuphi, inhloko kahulumeni yaphawula ukuthi eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo i-republic izohlala lapho kungekho khona ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zempahla eluhlaza.

Ukubikezela ngekusasa

Kukhona ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kwesimo samanje, kodwa konke kuhambisana nokuthi okungenani eminyakeni emibili elandelayo, asikho isidingo sokuthuthukisa isimo. Kakade manje, kunezimo ezinjalo njengokunciphisa kwe-GDP, ukukhuphuka kwemali engaphezu kwezingu-4%, ukwenyuka kokungasebenzi, ukukhuphuka kwamanani kanye namazinga okuphila awela phansi. Ekhuluma ngenkathi inkinga yeKazakhstan izophela, ingxenye enkulu yochwepheshe ixhuma inqubo yokuqala kokuthuthukiswa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kawoyela. Iningi labachwepheshe libala ngokuhlangana kwezwe emkhakheni wezimpahla. Isimo sezomnotho eKazakhstan sincike esimweni salesi sigaba.

Ngisho nesimo esihle kakhulu asikhombisi ukubuyiswa komnotho ngokushesha. Mhlawumbe, okwenyuka ukwanda kwezinkomba ekukhiqizeni izimpahla kuzogcwaliseka emva kweminyaka embalwa kuphela. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ngabe inkinga yeKazakhstan izokhipha isikhathi eside. Okuningi kuxhomeke ezintweni zangaphandle ezingenakulawulwa iziphathimandla zaseKazakh. Noma kunjalo, uhulumeni usalungiselela ukwenza imizamo ethile yokuxazulula le nkinga.

Isu sokunqoba le nkinga

Okwamanje, izinhlelo eziningi ziqaliswa ukuze "zithuthukise" umnotho. Okokuqala, lezi yizinyathelo ezihlose ukunciphisa imiphumela engathandeki izakhamizi zaseKazakhstan. Ukuze wenze lokhu, iziphathimandla zizama ukunciphisa inani lokuthengiswa okucatshangelwayo emakethe yokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokunikezwa kwemali ekusetshenzisweni. Kodwa-ke, impendulo yombuzo wokuthi lapho inkinga yeKazakhstan izophela, ochwepheshe abaningi batusa ukuba bacabangele ngendlela ejulile, ukuqonda izimbangela zangaphakathi zalokho okwenzekayo. Ngalo mqondo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ingxenye yesibili yesu, ehlose ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo ye-republic.

Ukuxhomeka kobunzima ekhethweni e-United States

Njengoba kuboniswe ngo-2012, izinqubo zezombusazwe eNtshonalanga zithonya elikhulu emnothweni wesifunda sase-Eurasian, lapho iRussia neKazakhstan ihlanganyela khona. Ngakho-ke, namuhla, ochwepheshe, ngokusho ukuthi yisiphi isici esinqunyiwe sokuphuma kwenkinga ngamanani wamandla, phawula ukubaluleka kokhetho e-United States. Kodwa-ke, ubunzima bezomnotho eKazakhstan buzoguquka kuye hhayi ngokushintshwa komongameli, kodwa ngokohlobo lobuhlobo bezopolitiki oluzokwenza esikhathini esizayo.

Isiphetho

Naphezu kwayo yonke imiphumela emibi yenkinga, kuhlanganise ukwehla kwezinga lokuphila, kungaba nemisebenzi emihle. Isibonelo, kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqashelwa kwakhe, inhloko ye-republic yenza iziphakamiso eziningi ezihlose ekuthuthukiseni izinkomba zekhwalithi zomnotho. Iqiniso liwukuthi inhlekelele e-Kazakhstan ngonyaka ka-2015 ibonise ukuphumelela kokukhiqiza kwezwe. Imikhiqizo eyenziwa, ngaphandle kwamafutha kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa, akumele ithandeke kakhulu eYurophu, imakethe eyayihlanganiswa i-republic, kodwa ayikwazi ukuthatha indawo eqinile. Uma kusetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo izinhlelo zokusekelwa kwebhizinisi ezihleliwe kanye nomkhakha wokukhiqiza, kungenzeka ukuthi uKazakhstan ngeke nje ikwazi ukunqoba le nkinga eminyakeni ezayo, kodwa futhi inganciphisa umthelela wezinto zangaphandle zomnotho.