I-Saponins - iyini? Incazelo, incazelo

Amakhemikhali e-Saponin (futhi ama-glycosides, saponizides noma i-heterozide) ayakhiwa yi-triterpenoids ne-steroids. Zinezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ne-hemolytic, kanti futhi ziyingozi kunezilwane ezibandayo. Ama-saponin ahlukaniswe abe yi-triterpene ne-steroid. Ziqukethe iziqu, amaqabunga, izimbali, izimpande nezithelo zezitshalo. Lezi zinto ziqukethe ama-carbohydrate ne-aglycone.

Incazelo kanye nezici

Noma yiliphi i-saponin, elinamagugu anezici eziningana, linomthelela ophawulekayo eziphilayo eziphilayo. Lesi sici sibangelwa i-hemolysis ye-erythrocyte futhi ifake i-cholesterol (ngenxa yalokhu i-membrane ye-erythrocyte ilahlekelwa yi-semipermeability yayo). Isenzo sama-saponin siholela ekungeneni kwe-hemoglobin egazini. Njengomphumela wale mphumela, umsebenzi wegill uphazanyiswa ezilwaneni ezibandayo.

Izilwane eziningi zibhubha ngenxa yobuthi, obufaka ama-saponins. Kuyini? Lezi zinhlanganisela kukhona izinto ze-amorphous noma ze-crystalline ze-hue yellowish (noma ezingenambala). Ama-saponins ahlonishwa kakhulu futhi ahlaselwe izinga lokushisa. Ziyakwazi ukunciphisa ukungezwani komzimba, ngenxa yokuthi, uma zithuthumela, izixazululo zabo ezinamafutha zakha i-Foam ezinzile. Ku-chloroform, i-benzene ne-diethyl ether, amasiponini awafakwanga. Uma kungenjalo, isimo sinamanzi, i-ethanol ne-methanol. Kulezi zinhlayiya ze-hydrophilic, ama-saponins ahlaziywa uma kukhona okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-monosaccharides ema-molecule.

Izibonelo ze-saponin emvelweni

Akuyona umndeni owodwa wezitshalo oqukethe ama-saponins. Sekuphelele, ososayensi banamaqembu angaba ngu-40 afanayo. Amaseli ezinjalo zitshalo aqukethe ama-saponins ahlakazekile. Kuyini? Ngokuvamile lokhu kuyingxenye yokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali ezitshalo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ama-saponin ase-Triterpene ayingxenye ye-clove, i-aral, i-legume, i-eyed-eyed, i-sedimentary, i-conchascant, i-rosaceous, njll. Lezi zitshalo ezivamile njenge-licorice, ginseng noma, isibonelo, i-aralia.

Ama-saponins e-steroid ayingxenye yezitshalo zemindeni ye-lily, i-nymph, i-agave, i-dioscoreal, njll Leli qembu lihlanganisa i-sarsaparilla, i-digitalis ne-dioscorea.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abameleli bomhlaba wesitshalo babela ama-saponin ukuzivikela kwabo ngokumelene nezifo. Ngakho-ke, ama-glycosides ashukumisa izinga lokukhula kwawo, ukumelana nokucindezeleka nokuthuthukisa ukuhluma. Nge-saponin, ukwakheka kwezingulube ze-carotenoid ezithinta izinguquko ze-photosynthesis. Isidakamizwa singakhiwa emaqabunga, lapho sithunyelwa khona kuwo wonke umuthi. Ikomidi eliwusizo ligcinwe kumaseli akhethekile weziqu kanye ne-epidermis. Ekugcineni, liwela e-rhizome elibhekele ukukhiqiza izitshalo. Ama-saponins akhiqizwa ngesivinini esikhulu uma kwenzeka umonakalo wokutshala izicubu.

I-hydrolysis nokuqukethwe kwe-monosaccharide

I-saponins yezinto eziphilayo ezitshalweni i-hydrolyzed by acids. Zingakha ama-complex complexes nge-lipids, ama-sterols, amaprotheni nama-phenolic compounds. Ama-saponins (ngokuqondile, ama-carbohydrates moiety) aqukethe ama-monosaccharides angu-1 kuya kwangu-11. Kuye ngale mali, le nto ingokwenhlobo ethile: i-oligosides, i-pentosides, i-triosides, i-biosides, i-monosides.

Ngokuvamile ziqukethe izinto ezifana ne-D-xylose, i-D-glucose, i-D-galactose, i-Arabinose, i-L-rhamnose, njll. Izakhi ezifanayo zifaka ama-saponins. Kuyini? I-Monosaccharides yizinhlanganisela zemvelo ezakha ama-carbon chains, ezingahlanganiswa noma ezilinganayo. Izinhlobo ze-steroidal saponin zinezinhlaka ezinjalo ezingu-1-5, kuyilapho i-triterpenes ingaba nenombolo engu-10 noma ngaphezulu.

Ukukhishwa kwama-saponins

Ukukhiqizwa kwama-saponins okuvela ezintweni zangasese zokuqala zemvelo kwenziwa ngezinyathelo eziningana. Okokuqala, ukukhipha kwenzeka (ukudlulisa izingxenye eziqinile kuze kube uketshezi olunolwazi). Khona-ke imithi etholakalayo ihlanzwa futhi ihlukaniswe.

Ukuze uthole isizinda, izixazululo ze-polar - i-ethanol ne-methanol enezingxube ezahlukene. Isixazululo se-chloride sodium sisetshenziswa futhi. Kwezinye izimo, ngaphambi kokukhipha, impahla eluhlaza iphathwa nge-ether ne-carbon. Ngaphandle kwalesi nqubo, akunakwenzeka ukubhubhisa izinkimbinkimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa ama-saponins, amaprotheni, ama-sterols nama-phenolic compounds.

Ukuhlanza

Indlela yokuhlanza ama-saponins atholakala kuncike kwisakhiwo sabo. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ze-polar azihlanganisi kahle ku-methyl ne-ethyl yotshwala, futhi uma zipholile noma zengezwa i-ethanol zakha isici esinqunyiwe. Kungenjalo, isimo sinama-glycosides. Bakha emva kokuhlenga amanzi ngamanzi okutshwa utshwala, futhi baphinde bachithe kabi emanzini ngokwawo. Kudingekile ukuba u-alkali ukuhlanza ama-saponins angama-triterpene. Futhi phezu kwazo izenzo ze-acetone, i-diethyl ether, i-ethyl acetate, i-isoamyl ne- butyl utshwala.

Ezinye izindlela zokuhlanza zisekelwe kumhlaba we-saponins ukwakha usawoti ongenawo usawoti kanye ne-acetate yokuhola noma i-barium hydroxide. Ngemuva kokulungiswa kwalezi zinkimbinkimbi, zidilizwa. Izindlela ezinjalo ziyadingeka ukuze zenze ama saponins ahlanzekile. Kuyini? Lezi zingxenye ezingenakho ukungcola futhi ezingcolile ezinokubunjwa okufanako.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Chromatographic

Noma yiziphi izinto zezitshalo (isib. Flavonoids, saponins, njll) zidinga ukwelashwa ngokucophelela. Uma behlanzwa, ngaphezu kwezindlela ezivele zichazwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-chromatographic kuvame ukusetshenziswa namuhla. Kulesi simo, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali afana ne-acetic acid, i-n-butanol, i-chloroform, i-ammonia e-aqueous, i-n-propyl alcohol, i-methanol, njll.

Ukulandela ukuhlukaniswa kwe-chromatographic yangaphambili, ukwelashwa nge-acidic reagents-phosphoric-molybdic acid, i-antimony pentachloride, njll, iqala. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-saponins akha ama-polon-ahlanganiswe ama-insaturated compounds. Zingadwetshwa ngokubomvu-violet noma pink (kuye ngokuthi isakhiwo sezinto).

Isicelo

Ama-saponins asetshenziselwa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhloso. Isibonelo, zengezwe ku-agent egcwele ukucisha umlilo emlilweni (ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinto zakha i-foam enkulu). Ama-saponins nawo afakwe ekubunjweni kokumiswa kanye nokumiswa kwamakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela kuqiniswe lezi zinhlelo zokusabalalisa. Izinto zeli qembu ziyahlukahluka ekukhuliseni izakhiwo, okwenza zibe yingxenye ewusizo yesepha.

Ama-saponins asetshenziselwa ukulungiselela iziphuzo ezithile (isibonelo, ubhiya), kanye ne-confectionery (i-halva). Zakhiwa njengezithako zokudla nezondlo. Zibuye zisetshenziswe kumadivayisi wezokwelapha (ama-sedative, tonic, expectorants, imishanguzo, njll). Naphezu kwezinzuzo zokwelashwa, ama-saponins ngenxa yobuthi bawo adinga ukuqapha lapho esetshenzisiwe.

Sebenzisa kuma-pharmacology

Sekuyisikhathi eside i-saponins ye-licorice eyaziwa ngemiphumela yabo yokulwa ne-allergenic ne-anti-inflammatory. Amalungiselelo asekelwe kuwo angaba i-powder, isiraphu noma i-extract. Izimpande zelayisensi ziyisisekelo samaphilisi. Yenezelwa ekuthuthukiseni ukunambitheka kwemithi kanye namalungiselelo. I-Licorice isetshenziselwa icala lokutheleleka ngegciwane lesikhumba kanye nezitho zangasese, kanye ne-lichen.

Ingxenye ewusizo kunazo zonke ye-saponins kusukela endaweni yokubuka ye-pharmacy yi-glycyrrhetin ne-glycyrrhizic acid. Ngesisekelo sabo, izidakamizwa zakhiwa ukuthi zisize ekulwa nesifo sengculazi se-bronchial. Esinye isici esiwusizo yi-flavonoid. Lezi zinhlanganisela ziyingxenye ye-flacarbine ne-lyciritone, ene-antiulcer, i-antisecretory, i-antispasmodic kanye ne-anti-inflammatory effects. Lezi zidakamizwa zisetshenziswa ezimweni zesilonda esiswini kanye nezilonda ze-duodenal noma i-gastritis.

Umphumela ozuzisayo we-ginseng uye waziwa eMpumalanga iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, lapho lesi sitshalo sesingumkhiqizo odumile wezokwelapha futhi ngokuyisisekelo kuthiwa yi "impande yokuphila". E-China naseKorea isetshenziselwa ukupheka. Izimpande ze-ginseng zinomphumela we-tonic futhi oshukumisayo, zisetshenziselwa njenge-adaptogen. Ama-agent asekelwe kulezi zinkimbinkimbi zisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwezigulane eziyingozi. Ukuhlushwa kwama-saponins e-ginseng kufinyelela phezulu uma lesi sitshalo sifinyelela eminyakeni eyisithupha.

Ithonya emzimbeni womuntu

Njenge-alkaloids, ama-saponin anomthelela empilweni yomuntu. Uma ugonywe emgodini womlomo noma emangcwabeni emangcwabeni ekhaleni nasamehlo, abangela ukucasuka. Ukufihla okukhulu kwama-glands kuqala, okusiza ukuqeda isipunu futhi kusize i-bronchi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlushwa kwe-saponins yomzimba womuntu kungase kube ngokweqile. Kulokhu, ukucasuka kwamathumbu nesisu kwenzeka. Imiphumela emibi yalezi zinto iholela ekuhlanzeni, isicanucanu, isizungu nesifo sohudo.

Ama-saponins ayasiza njengezinto, ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izidakamizwa ziyashesha kangakanani emzimbeni womuntu. Isenzo sabo sincike esitshalweni esithile. Ngaphandle kwemiphumela eshiwo kakade, ingaba ne-antiulcer, i-laxative emnene, i-adaptogenic, i-corticotropic nomphumela we-diuretic.

Izinto eziwusizo

Omunye wemithombo evame kakhulu yezinto zokusetshenziswa zokuhlukanisa ama-saponin yi-Manchu aralia. Kuyinto imithi encane futhi ekhulayo okusheshayo enokuphakama kwamamitha amathathu kuya kwangu-6. Ihlukaniswe uhlelo lwempande olungenasici futhi lubukeka njengesundu somuthi. Lesi sitshalo sisakazwa eMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia, kuhlanganise neKhabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Krai kanye nesifunda sase-Amur.

Ama-saponins atholakala ezimpandeni ze-aralia. Uma kuvuna, izitshalo ezineminyaka engama-5 kuya ku-15 zisetshenziswa. Izimpande zivunwa ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuvula amaqabunga. Bawagcoba nge-crowbars namafosholo. Khona-ke, ukumile kuyadingeka, ngokuvamile kuvame ukomile okukhethekile, izinga lokushisa elifinyelela ku-60 ° C. Ukuphila kwemali yezinto ezinjengokuqala kuyiminyaka emithathu.