Chechens futhi ingush - umehluko. Isiko, amasiko kanye nomlando izizwe

Umphakathi yokuqala yalezi zizwe ezimbili kwaba Yiqiniso kancane ahlukene of zaseCaucasia neMpi yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kanye inqubomgomo iziphathimandla tsarist. Manje njengoba ingxenye labantu, okuthiwa abantu abavamile, izimisele xaxa ebunyeni, ngoba zikholelwa ukuthi kuyindlela abantu olulodwa - Chechens futhi ingush. Umehluko egcizelelwa kuphela nezazi yokudala, okuyinto ubona Asikho isizwe esisodwa.

ulimi

I Chechens ulimi Nakh-Dagestani uhlangothi, futhi kuba eziseduze ingush. Nokho, okwamanje division sesigodi okuyinto okunzima kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye Chechen entabeni zezigodi asondele kakhudlwana le ingush kuka ngisho kumuntu Chechen bomdabu. Futhi maqondana ulimi, okuyizinto ezihlobene ne Chechens futhi ingush, umehluko lincane kakhulu ukuthi phakathi Russian futhi Ukraine. Wonke umuntu uyoba ukukhuluma ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko, kodwa qondani okuyintando nomunye ngaphandle nobunzima kancane.

Futhi kwezinye izimpawu, ukubona abantu bezinhlanga namasiko abonisa emphakathini efanayo. Abathwali ingush futhi Chechen ulimi stratum bokusungula bakholelwa ukuthi ukuqonda ibangelwa yini ngaphezu kuka-80%, nendlu kuba ngisho akwaziwa kahle. Noma kunjalo, izazi, ethnographers ukubona laba bantu ababili abakhulu ukuze imithombo eminingi avele ngaphansi igama elilodwa - Vainakh (veynahi) - Chechens futhi ingush. Umehluko, Ngakho-ke, ku-ingxenye cishe akubonakali.

ulimi Vainakh etemibhalo kwamiswa hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngaphambili, yena waba obschenormirovannym wamuka abalandisi - illanchi. zemihla mndeni futhi - teptari - Chechen, kodwa zesi-Arabhu. Baye basinda kulokho, kodwa izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu. Ngesisekelo ulimi abantu Chechen atholakala phakathi emaThafeni zezigodi - Urus-Martan futhi Shali. Bona ephethwe kakhulu. Libuye sisondelene kakhulu nabo futhi Gudermes podterechny zezigodi ukuthi abangu ngokubanzi kakhulu ukusakaza. Ngesisekelo Ingushetia Nazran kwaba bomdabu lwesigodi cishe ayisishiyagalombili abangaba amaphesenti angu-, okungukuthi, lonke republic of Ingushetia wathi kwaba phezu kwakhe.

amasiko

Ethnographers zithi Chechen isiko ilahlekelwe angaqondakali imicikilisho ethile yobuzwe kuka ingush. Chechens musa shun tosch yabo njengoba ezinsukwini ezimnandi zakudala, zingadla isobho isivakashi ephula ngokwezifiso yokhokho. Ingush iyafana asendulo, izivakashi ezidla inyama isidlo esikhethekile - uncika iwundlu, inkukhu noma turkey, futhi toschami zama ukungazivezi nazo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke jikelele. Imishado futhi ngokukhululeka kakhulu kudlule Chechens futhi ingush umakoti enkambisweni ka zonke isiko lasendulo ungaphakathi ekhoneni.

Nokho, Chechens, ingush, umehluko phakathi kwabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi namanje kwakhiwa, ngokucacile ukuqaphela nokuzwelana babo, kanye ethnonym "Vainakh" akuyona umsindo ezingenalutho ngabo. Abaningi babo babonakala okuyinqaba yokuthi leli gama laqanjwa muva futhi wadala umuntu oyedwa, ingeyona kunoma yisiphi isizwe esisodwa noma kwenye. Basuke ingxenye eziningi zazo zikholelwa ukuthi umlando Kweminyaka leli gama.

amazwe amancane

Uhlangothi lwasempumalanga, eceleni ne Chechens Dagestani - Avars, Kumyk, futhi abantu abaningi inombolo namanje aphansi. Ngo Kumyks isiko Arabized kakhulu, baba ngoba izishaya-mthetho nenhlonipho yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye Chechen, wafika cishe bonke abashumayeli esibalweni sawo. Avars bakwazi ukuvuka kuphela kwamaSoviet, lapho izinombolo zabo yavuleka. Ngaphambili, base abangenamihlaba abehora ukuba Chechens abelusi.

Lo mlando we Chechens nomakhelwane babo iqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke Chechen emadolobhaneni omakhelwane lonke lapho esezinzile Avars. Wage zabasebenzi - cishe waba yisigqila kukho, ngoba Chechens uyaziqhenya, sasibhekwa kakhulu ze-non-ehlonishwa, futhi kusadingeka nenhlonipho anele ezingabukeki esidlule yabo Avars. Kodwa ingakamiswa esilitshelwe futhi kwakusho ukuthi kwakuzoba nezikhathi lapho Chechnya eminyaka walalela Avar noMbusi wababusi. Kuphela ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili Chechen amasiko waqala ukuthola ukuzimela, bese kuphela ngoba izwe liye lakwazi ukuba balahle ijoka.

Vainakh: Izindawo

ukuphikisana Political ngokushesha ligamanxa isici zenkolo. Elingumakhelwane Dagestan njalo futhi kakhulu ithunyelwa entshonalanga umfutho walo Islam ngawo Chechens futhi ingush ngokuya zinhlanga siyachazwa. Isakhiwo kokubili yobuhlanga Chechens ingxenye iqukethe inombolo kahle esikhulu Dagestanians ngisho kwakhiwa opholile Daghestanian.

Ngo ethafeni Khasavyurt esifundeni Dagestan, esikhundleni salokho, bazinza Akkin-Chechens, kunabantu abangaba yikhulu ayizinkulungwane, okuyinto kwakufanele Republic of Ingushetia futhi Chechnya ekhaya. It bezintaba, cishe lo division omdala Vainakh, ngubani bafudukela kusukela Borderland phakathi republic amabili. Ngemva ehlasela Tamerlana Akkin phansi kushisa futhi kwesokunxele kuya empumalanga, lifake opholile ezahlukene Chechens. Kunoma ikuphi, baye isebangeni ngokwabo njengoba umphakathi Chechen.

Vainakh okhokho owakhiwe emaqeleni kanye North eCaucasus, okuyizinto eduze ensimini samanje Chechen Republic. Ngo nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka isingathwe Khazar Khanate nenkolo isimo, kude Islam - yobuJuda. Chechen ethnography ingakafundiseki ezicini ezithile endaweni, kusale uphawu lubonakale ngomlando ukwakheka Vainakh, kusukela indlela labahlanganyela ngayo ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe we Khazar Khanate ekhuthele. Abanye amakhasethi ngqo ukumphakamisa uhlanga zakhe omunye wokhokho yamaJuda, okungukuthi, Khazar esidlule umlando we Chechens futhi ingush ezitolo ezingaphezu kuka sobala.

ukurhunyezwa

Iningi muva nje, Chechens futhi ingush, umehluko phakathi okuyinto fana ncane than lowo phakathi Russian futhi Belarusians, wagomela ku imingcele zokuphatha. Lezi abantu anobuhlobo - noma kunalokho, abantu Vainakh eyodwa, ihlukaniswe izinhlangano ezimbili, wanquma Nqamula. Njengoba kulindelekile, nemiphumela yezomthetho ngesinqumo iziphathimandla Chechen ayitholanga. Kodwa isimo alufakwa. Shintsha nomngcele ophakathi republic - ukuvula ibhokisi Pandora sika, qiniseka ukuqala izingxabano, hhayi kuphela Chechen-ingush, kodwa Ossetic-ingush, ogama izimpande zijule.

Umlando ingush futhi ama-Ossetic omdabu foothill nezingxenye elisezansi ka Ingushetia futhi North Ossetia ihlala kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesikhombisa, ngoba lapha babehlala nqwaba okuxubile kuze kube sezingeni lapho kwadingeka ayikwazi ukuthola ukuthi bangobani: noma emphakathini noma Vainakh Ossetic. Noma kunjalo, kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka la mazwe owakhiwe nguye ke omunye, futhi nokusebenzela ngokusiza ngezikhathi ukuxuba umngcele sesikhashana ezithile phakathi amaqembu ayinhloko yobuhlanga abahlala ezindaweni. Umhlaba, kubhekwe Ossetic enamathiselwe ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ke ukuba Ingushetia, ngo-Ossetia futhi lezi zizwe ukuba kancane kancane indawo Kabardians babehlala lapha. Kwathi njengoba emuva ekhulwini lesikhombisa.

Manje, uma wenza konke "kwesokudla" phezu Chechen, ubuhlungu kuyoba izizwe eziningana ohlonishwayo. ongakhetha Equity eziningi, ngayine inezidingo zayo. I disengagement kuzodala izingxabano ezingadingekile ngokuphelele futhi mhlawumbe posodeystvuet ukukhula ingxabano. izimangalo Wendawo, ngisho isikhathi yisimiso ezinjalo, manje abangaphezu kuka-okungalungile. Lapho mina likhala ekuhlakanipheni, futhi kwakungekho impendulo umbuzo mayelana nokuthi kungani Chechens ungathandi ingush. Kuyakhungathekisa futhi kudumaza, ikakhulukazi uma sikhumbula ukuthi Ingushetia isingathwe ababaleki phakathi ezimbili ezimpini Chechen - emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zabantu ziye zathola indawo yokuhlala khona.

Kungani lokhu kwenzeka?

Yiqiniso, ukutjheja imikhawulo Ngasekuqaleni 90 sika zinyanga de empeleni waba. Chechnya alwa Ingushetia lahlala lomthetho we Russian Federation, ngekubamba lichaza referenda kukhethwe eziningi. Kugqashuka impi ngasemngceleni ophakathi Ingushetia futhi Chechnya saphela okunemibandela ke ivikelwe amabutho kahulumeni nezinye Amabutho zokuvikeleka. Konke lokhu lwaqinisa division - kanye kwezomnotho kanye nezokuphatha.

Yiqiniso, laba bantu ababili, amadodakazi Chechens futhi ingush, umehluko phakathi okuyinto engcono kakhulu kunaleyo esikhashana, esondelene kakhulu nomunye. Bahlanganyela ubudlelwane eminyaka ubudala, amasiko, ulimi. Kodwa ingush, inkolo ephinde ayikuvumeli ukuba kube spineless, ungavumeli ukuba ukuphoqelela intando yomunye. Hhayi ngisho omunye ngeke bavunyelwe. Low-umfutho ukungqubuzana kuthi laba abangaphansi komhlaba ahlomile, ukuvuthwa okukhulu kukhuphukele emakhaleni ami futhi. Futhi lapho ucabanga inani zonke izinhlobo izikhali, okuyinto manje esifundeni, kuba scary ngempela.

prehistory

Lapho eRussia, befika eCaucasus, abaningi ingush elahlekile emazweni awo, lapho Cossacks esezinzile for ezolile cross-border. Yingakho ibhalansi kulwiwa Kwatholakala kanje: ama-Ossetic omdabu babe hlangothi, Cossacks zazimeleleni White futhi ingush - ukuze Reds, ngoba wathembisa ukubuya kuyizindawo eyayihlala Cossacks.

Ngemva kokunqoba we Terek Cossacks kwadingeka balishiye leli siyindawo ehlala kusukela uhulumeni wamaSoviet waqhubeka izwi layo ngaso sonke isikhathi. ASSR wayengomunye - Highland - kuze 1924, ngemva kwayo kwaba khona ukwahlukana North-Ossetic futhi ingush ukuzimela plus Sunzha wesifunda. Inhlokodolobha kwaba Imininingwane - eVladikavkaz. Futhi eminyakeni engu-30 kwakukhona Chechen-ingush Autonomous Oblast ukuba ngo-1937 babe CHI ASSR.

impi

Ukusebenza Lentil ngo-1944 kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ASSR uyekwa. Uvele Grozny indawo nezinye izindawo zanikwa Georgia, Dagestan naseNyakatho Ossetic ASSR. Izizathu Babengaphezu kwamashumi ezinhle: ukwehluleka ukugqugquzela futhi asuka iningi le Vainakh, ukudalwa amaqembu ahlomile, ukukhashelwa, ukufukamela paratroopers isiJalimane, isevisi amaNazi - uhlu likhulu. Igama main lapha - iningi.

Ukuze uthole hit emhlane (okuyinto ngokuvamile kwenzeka), Vainakh badingiselwa Asia Ephakathi. Futhi kulokhu, akusiyo ebonakalayo, zihluke Chechens ingush. Ngo-1956 Vainakh lowacala ukubuya omkhulu emakhaya. ASSR kwase kubuyiselwe, kukhona kodwa engxenyeni amaningi ala masimu (ngaphandle inikezwe kude Georgians) yayisivele ezinabantu abaningi. I-Ossetic omdabu efanayo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, cishe yonke bathathwa Chechen namazwe ingush babebuyela. Nokho, endaweni enabantu waqala izimpi zendawo.

Eighties

Isiqalo kakhulu Eighties kwaphawulwa ebukhali izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali izinkingana ubudlelwano obuhle bokwakhelana: ukushikashikeka ngenxa Prigorodny wesifunda (Chermen Kambileevskoe, ngo-October), phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ama-Ossetic omdabu yafuna ukuba axoshe yonke ingush kusukela republic. Riots uqalise, ephelezelwa ngokwethula amayunithi zempi Ukusungulwa oda emhlabeni. Ingush kuvinjelwe yokuhlala, lapho ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu ukubandlulula. Ukuqhubeka izibhelu okubulala nokushaywa.

Konke lokhu waqhubeka kule '90s, ne ingush njalo ukukhunjuzwa imisebenzi yabo ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, eziningi links kunamaqembu ezigebengu ne Wehrmacht, nokubacindezela ngesihluku iRed Army. Ngo-1991, ingush zakonfliktovali amaphoyisa Ossetic kuze kube sezingeni lokuba ukuthi laqanjwa isimo esiphuthumayo, futhi Supreme Council ngisho wanquma ukwenza kwaziwe lokho isandla kubantu, ukudingiswa kwabantu abaningi kabi. Kodwa isiphetho decreed ngenye indlela.

ESoviet Union yaphela, i-Chechnya imemezele ukuzimela kwayo, Ingushetia futhi banquma ukuhlala e-WaseRussia. Ngo-1992 Ingushetia futhi iba i-republic ngaphakathi Russian Federation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo in the Prigorodny wesifunda kwakukhona lonke uchungechunge lokubulala ingush, okwathi ngemva kwalokho babuyela Kwakuseshwa nomngcele ophakathi Ingushetia futhi North Ossetia, futhi esifundeni ill-fated zokugcina elahlekile. Ama-Ossetic omdabu - abantu kushisa kakhulu: amaphoyisa omgwaqo waqala ukudubula ngesikhathi ingush, ngemva kwalokho kwamuva azigqoke hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukusebenzisa izibhamu. Impi akafuni ukuyeka. Ingush umbeki okuthunyelwe amabutho yangaphakathi zabuzwa ukuhoxiswa amabutho Russian Federation ensimini. Impi yaqhubeka.

Uma ushiya eCaucasus Russian

Kuthiwani-ke? Kuzoba nezinxushunxushu olunegazi, ngokuvumelana izakhamuzi zendawo, efundiswa kokwenzeka. Bakhumbula lokho okwenzeka e Chechnya emva extrusion oluphelele lwazo zonke labantu Russian: kwakukhona namthetho lobugebengu, abantu zazithunjwa hhayi kuphela e Chechnya, kodwa ezweni lonke, bese ayelapho le Wahhabis nge imibono yabantu bakhe wobunye esaba, futhi cishe ngaso leso sikhathi kokuqala kwempi yombango.

Oda nokuzola eCaucasus wayengalokothi, ke ngokuvamile nje ngeke ibe khona isimo kuqine ngokwesiko kukhona futhi amthathe ndawo. Omakhelwane zihlale kancane, kancane esebenzayo kufanele babulalane bodwa. Futhi nje, ukweba izinkomo, ukuphanga, ukweba abesifazane, bese konke lokhu ngesihluku eziphindiselela. Kulapho kwakukhona control eqinile yangaphandle - othile, kodwa hhayi i-oda umnyuziki namanje waphawula. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho dominion of Empire Russian noma eSoviet Union.

Ngaphandle ngesandla esinamandla ingush futhi Chechens kuphinde bezama izingxabano indawo nomunye, nangayo yonke nomakhelwane bayo. Ukuhlanganisa kungenzeka neze. Okwesikhashana buyisana ezilwayo ngokuvamile kuyasiza Sharia futhi adat (ngokwezifiso). Kodwa ukuxazulula eCaucasus, ngokuvumelana Sharia, noma adat kuphela kakhulu eduze "yabo" - izakhamuzi, izihlobo, noma ezimweni ezibucayi, abamele isizwe esisodwa. Ngoba kule ndawo isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa izizwe, isinqumo akunakwenzeka ukuba beze.

I arbiter abakhulu eCaucasus - inzuzo. Ibutho. Chechens ingush umane ukuthenga: sosizo pogrom we-Ossetic omdabu, isibonelo. Noma yesithembiso iqhaza ezindabeni "Chechen umbuso." Kuphela kuleli cala ukuqaphela igunya Chechen ingush, ngisho, mhlawumbe, ukuze alikhulekele. Ngaphandle amabhonasi, zonke lezi izingxabano kusingathwa kuphela amandla. It bekulokhu, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba kukhona okuye kwashintsha eminyakeni yamuva.