Iren Joliot-Curie: i-biography emfushane, isithombe

U-Joliot-Curie Irene (okufanekiselwa ngezansi kulesi sihloko) uyindodakazi endala yabososayensi abadumile uMaria noPeter Curie, owathola iNobel Prize eKhemistry ngo-1935 ukutholakala komyeni wakhe nge-radioactivity yokufakelwa. Eqala umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi njengomsizi omncane wezocwaningo eRadium Institute eParis, owadalwa ngabazali bakhe, ngokushesha washintsha unina, waba ngumeluleki wakhe wesayense. Lapho uhlangana nomyeni wakhe nomlingani wakhe wesayensi uFrederick Joliot. Njengomthetho, basayine imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo ngenhlanganisela yamagama abo.

Joliot-Curie Irene: i-brief biography

U-Irene wazalwa ngo-12.09.1897 eParis emndenini weNobel Prize u-Maria noPerre Curie. Ubuntwana bakhe bekungavamile - ukukhulela kwenzeka enkampanini yososayensi abakhazimulayo. Abazali bashandana ngo-1895 futhi banikezela ukuphila kwabo kwi-physics, beqhuba ukuhlolwa ebhokisatri yabo nge-radioactivity. UMaria Curie wayeseceleni kokuvula i-radium, lapho u-Irene omncane, noma "indlovukazi yakhe," njengoba unina embiza ngokuthi indodakazi yakhe, kwakunezinyanga ezimbalwa nje ubudala.

Intombazane yakhula iminyaka, kepha yayingumntwana onamahloni. Wayekhathazeka kakhulu ngomama, owayevame ukumatasa ngezivivinyo zakhe. Lapho emva kosuku olude ebhokisatri "indlovukazi" ihlangana nomama wayo owayesiphelile, efuna izithelo, uMarie waphenduka waya emakethe ukuze afeze isifiso sendodakazi yakhe. Ngemuva kokushona okungenangqondo kukababa wakhe u-Pierre ngo-1908, ithonya elikhulu ku-Irene lenziwa ngumkhulu ngokuhambisana noyise ka-Eugene Curie. Wafundisa umzukulu we-botani nomlando wemvelo lapho echitha ihlobo emzaneni. I-Curie Sr. yayiyihlobo lokuziphendulela kwezombusazwe futhi lingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, futhi nguye owasiza ukuma imizwa ye-leftist ye-Irene nokudelela inkolo ehleliwe.

Imfundo engeyona yendabuko

Imfundo yeCurie yayimangalisa kakhulu. Umama wakhe waqinisekisa ukuthi u-Iren nodadewabo omncane u-Eva-Deniz (1904 b.) Usuku ngalunye wayezivocavoca umzimba nangokwengqondo. Amantombazane ayenesisindo, kodwa ngoba uMadame Curie wayengenelisekile ngezikole ezitholakalayo, wahlela ukusebenzisana kokuqeqeshwa lapho izingane zamaprofesa ezidumile eParisisi Sorbonne zafika ebhodini lezifundo. Umama u-Irene wafundisa i-physics, nabanye abasebenza nabo odumile bafundisa izibalo, ikhemistri, izilimi nokudweba. Ngokushesha, u-Irene waba umfundi ongcono kakhulu owazi kahle kakhulu nge-physics nakumakhemikhali. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, noma kunjalo, ngenkathi eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, lo mdlalo uvinjelwe, intombazane yangena esikoleni esizimele, i-College of Sevinya, futhi ngokushesha ithole isitifiketi. Wachitha ihlobo ogwini noma ezintabeni, ngezinye izikhathi enenkambeni yabadumile njengo-Albert Einstein nendodana yakhe. Khona-ke, u-Iren wangena eS Sorbonne ukuba atadishe njengomhlengikazi.

Sebenza phambili

Phakathi neMhlaba Wokuqala, uMama Curie waya phambili, lapho esebenzisa khona imishini entsha ye-X ukuphatha amasosha. Ngokushesha indodakazi yafunda indlela yokusebenzisa imishini efanayo, yasebenza nonina, futhi kamuva eyedwa. U-Irene, unamahloni futhi unobuntu obungafani naye, wayezolile futhi engathinteki ebusweni bengozi. Lapho eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, waba ngumama ongumsizi eRadium Institute. Wafunda ukusebenzisa kahle ikhamera yakwaWilson, idivayisi eyenza izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ezibonakala emgwaqeni wamaconsi amanzi ashiya endleleni yabo.

Ukuqala komsebenzi wesayensi

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1920, emva kokuvakasha e-US nonina nodadewabo, u-Irene Curie waqala ukufaka isandla esibhedlela. Ukusebenza noFernand Holvek, umqondisi wokuphatha we-Institute, wenza ucwaningo oluningana nge-radium, imiphumela eyashicilelwa ngo-1921 ephepheni lakhe lokuqala. Ngomnyaka we-1925, wayeseqedile umqondo wakhe wezokwelapha emisebeni ye-alpha ye-polonium, isici abazali bakhe abathola kuso. Osebenza nabo abaningi ebhokisatribhu, kuhlanganise nomyeni wakhe wesikhathi esizayo, bakholelwa ukuthi ubukeka njengoyise ngaphakathi kwamandla akhe okusebenzisa amandla. UFrederic wayeneminyaka embalwa kakhulu kuno-Irene futhi wayengenalo ulwazi lokusebenzisa imishini yesayensi. Lapho ecelwa ukuba amtshele ngemisakazo ye-radioactivity, waqala ngendlela engafanele, kodwa ngokushesha baqala ukwenza ukuhamba kwezwe elide. Lo mbhangqwana washada ngo-1926 futhi wanquma ukusebenzisa igama elihlangene likaJootot Curie ekudumiseni abazali bakhe abadumile.

Ukubambisana okuhle

Indaba kaNobel ka-Irene Joliot-Curie nomyeni wakhe uFrederic baqala ngokucwaninga okuhlanganyelwe. Bobabili basayina imisebenzi yabo yesayensi ngisho nangemva kuka-1932 u-Irene wamiswa njengenhloko ye-laboratory. Ngemva kokufunda mayelana nokuhlolwa koososayensi baseJalimane uWalter Botha noHans Becker, ukunakwa kwabo kugxile encwadini ye-nyukliya - insimu yesayensi eyayisencane. Kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu abafundisi basosayensi bathola ukuthi i-athomu inomgogodla oyinhloko ohlanganisa amaprotoni aphikisayo. Ngaphandle kukhona ama-electron ahlaselwe kabi. Abazali u-Irene bafunda i-radioactivity, into eyenzeka lapho i-nuclei yezinye izakhi iveza izinhlayiyana noma amandla. Eyokuqala yizinhlayiyana ezincane ze-alpha, okukhumbuza i-nucleus ye-athomu ye-heliamu enezindleko ezimbili ezinhle. Emsebenzini wakhe, wanikeza umklomelo weNobel, abaCurie-abadala bathola ukuthi ezinye izakhi zomsakazo ziveza izinhlayiyana ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, ezingenakwenzeka.

Fusion nyukliya

E-laboratories yakhe, u-Irene Joliot-Curie wayenokutholakala kwempahla enkulu kakhulu yemishini emhlabeni, okungukuthi i-polonium etholwe ngabazali bayo. Lesi sakhi samakhemikhali sikhipha izinhlayiya ze-alpha, u-Irene noFrederic basebenzisa ngazo izibhamu ezihlukahlukene. Ngo-1933, bawashaya nge-aluminium nuclei. Ngenxa yalokho, kutholakala i-phosphorus enomsakazo. I-Aluminium, njengombuso, inamaprotoni angu-13, kodwa uma ibhalwa ngama-particle al-alpha ngamacala amabili aqondile, i-nucleus ithola amaprotoni engeziwe, okwenza i-phosphorus. Isici samakhemikhali esiholelekile sasingafani nendawo yemvelo - kwakuyi-isotope yayo emsakazweni.

Abacwaningi bahlolisisa indlela ye-alpha-irradiation kwezinye izinto, bethola ukuthi uma izinhlayiya ze-alpha zihlanganiswa nama-athomu, ziguqula zibe esinye isici ngenani elikhulu lama-proton. U-Irene noFrederic Joliot-Curie badala i-radioactivity yokufakelwa. Babika lesi senzakalo ku-Academy of Sciences ngoJanuwari 1934.

Umklomelo weNobel

Ukutholakala kukaJoliot-Curie kwakubaluleke kakhulu hhayi kuphela kwisayensi ehlanzekile, kodwa ngezicelo zayo eziningi. Eminyakeni yama-1930, kwakutholakala ama-isotopa amaningi asebenzisa ama-radioactive, asetshenziselwa ukuphawula kwezokwelapha, kanye nokuhlolwa okungenakubalwa. Impumelelo yale ndlela yabangela abanye ososayensi ukuba bahlole ukukhululwa kwamandla enyukliya.

Kwakuyisikhathi esibuhlungu sika-Iren Joliot-Curie. Ukuhlala ecatshangelwayo, kodwa umama ogulayo wayazi ukuthi indodakazi yakhe yayilinde ukuvuma, kodwa yafa ngoJulayi ngonyaka ofanayo kusukela ku-leukemia eyabangelwa ukushiswa kwemisebe yesikhathi eside. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uJoliot-Curie wafunda ngeNobel Prize. Nakuba beyizinsikili ze-nyukliya, lo mbhangqwana wathola umklomelo wamakhemikhali ngenxa yemiphumela yokuthola kwabo kulo mkhakha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Irene noFrederic baba abanikazi bezihloko eziningi ezihloniphekile kanye nezikhulu ze-Order of the Legion of Honor. Kodwa zonke lezi mklomelo azibonakali kuzo. Ukufunda izinkondlo, ukubhukuda, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi, ukuhamba ngezinyawo nokuhamba ngezinyawo kwakuyizintandokazi ezithandayo zika-Irene Joliot-Curie. Izingane uHelene noPeter bakhulela, futhi waba nesithakazelo emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe. Umuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu onombono wesokunxele, u-Iren wavikela i-suffrage yabesifazane. WayenguPhini likamengameli kuhulumeni we-Popular Front Leon Blum ngo-1936, wabe esekhethwa uprofesa eS Sorbonne ngo-1937.

I-Athomu ihlukanisa

Eqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe emkhakheni we-physics ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930, u-Irene Joliot-Curie waqhuba ukuhlaselwa kwe-uranium nuclei nge-neutron. Ngomunye usebenza naye uPavel Savich, wabonisa ukuthi i-uranium ingahle ihlelwe phansi kwezinye izakhi ezisakazwayo. Ukuhlolwa kwakhe okuyisisekelo kwavula indlela yomunye wesayensi yemvelo, u-Otto Khan, owafakazela ukuthi ngokushaya ibhomu nge-neutron nge-bombard ingahlukaniswa yaba ama-athomu amabili e-mass mass. Lesi simo saba yisisekelo sokusebenza okusebenzayo kwamandla athomu - ukukhiqiza amandla enyukliya nokukhiqizwa kwezikhali zenuzi.

Ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II, u-Irene waqhubeka nokufundiswa eParis, nakuba umyeni wakhe uFrederik wangena ngaphansi komhlaba. Bobabili babeyingxenye yokunyakaza kwamaFrance, futhi ngo-1944, u-Irene nabantwana bakhe bathuthela eSwitzerland. Ngemva kwempi, wamiswa njengenhloko yeRadium Institute, kanye ne-agent yeprojekthi ye-athomu yesiFulentshi. Wachitha izinsuku ebhokisatri futhi waqhubeka nokukhuluma futhi wenza izethulo ngesihloko somsakazo, nakuba impilo yakhe yancipha kancane kancane.

Irene Joliot-Curie: biography wezombangazwe

UFrederick, ilungu leKominisi yamaKhomanisi kusukela ngo-1942, waxoshwa njengenhloko ye-French Atomic Energy Commission. Ngemva kwalokho, abashadile baqala ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zenuzi ngenxa yezizathu zokuthula. U-Irene wayeyilungu loMkhandlu Wezokuthula Womhlaba futhi wenza izinyathelo eziningi eSoviet Union. Kwakuwukuphakama kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, futhi ngenxa yezenzo zezombangazwe, u-Irene wenqatshelwa ukuba yilungu le-American Chemical Society, isicelo asithumele ngalo ngo-1954. Igalelo lakhe lokugcina e-physics lasiza ekwakheni i-particle speed accelerator kanye ne-laboratory e-Orsay, ENingizimu yaseParis, ngo-1955. Impilo yakhe yancipha, kanti u-17.03.56 u-Irene Joliot-Curie wabulawa, njengenina, kusuka ku-leukemia ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wemisebe.