I-Memorial 411 amabhethri, i-Odessa: isithombe, ikheli, ukuthi ungathola kanjani

E-hero-idolobha lase-Odessa kukhona indawo ethandekayo yibo bonke abantu basemadolobheni kanye nezivakashi eziningi, okukhunjulwa kubakhulu bethu, abawuthola inkululeko inkululeko yabo kanye nezingane zabo ezimpi ezimbi. Cishe ogwini, phakathi kwepaki elihle elihlaza, kukhona umyuziyamu ovulekile, inkokhelo ekukhunjweni kwezimpi zomuzi wakho othandekayo - iSikhumbuzo sebheri 411 ye-Odessa. Emzini, wonke umfana kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe, zonke izakhiwo zempi zalezo zikhathi. Ukungena kwabo bonke abahambayo kukhululekile, wonke umbukiso ungabonwa, uthinteke, uphenduke. Vunyelwe ukuhlola konke, akekho ozobeka amazwana. Kodwa izivakashi nazo ziyaqonda ukubaluleka komlando wemishini yezempi.

Ukuqala kokwakhiwa

Ngemva kokuqala kwenqubomgomo enobudlova yaseJalimane ngaphansi komyalo ka-Adolf Hitler, uhulumeni wanquma ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuthi aqale isu lokuzivikela ukuvikela imingcele yalo, ekwazi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlasela eSoviet Union.

Ukuvikela imingcele yaseningizimu ogwini lwase-Odessa Gulf, kusukela ngo-1934 kuya ku-1936, kwakhiwa ukwakhiwa okukhulu kwesakhiwo sokuvikela amabhethri angu-411 e-Odessa. Inhloso yalo kwakuwukuqeda ukuhlaselwa yisitha kusukela olwandle, kusukela emagodini ezempi, futhi kwadingeka futhi basekele amabutho emhlabathini ekuhlaseleni komhlaba ama-fascists.

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo

Zonke izakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziqinisiwe zakhiwe iziboshwa, ezinabantu abangu-2 000, ngaphansi kokuqondiswa okuqinile kwe-NKVD kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwe-Civil Aviation Administration ye-Navy. Ngaphezulu kwe-mixer ngayinye yekhonkrithi yema i-officer of the army of izindaba zangaphakathi futhi ibukele ukufaka kahle izingxenye ezidingekayo kwisixazululo. Sibheke ngokuqinile, ngoba lezi zakhiwo kwakudingeka zibe namandla kakhulu. Ibanga lokukhonkolo lika-600 kanye namatshe amatshe ase-Odessa amabhishi. U-General DM Karbyshev wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezempi.

Indlu ngayinye yayinezingqimba ezimbili zensimbi ye-armored, futhi izakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziqinisiwe zazinama-1 m 75 cm. Amanzi amakhulu nokufakwa kwezibhamu ayemba. Ngamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye ayisishiyagalolunye, imigudu engaphansi komhlaba yayibanjwe, izixhumi ezixhumene nezikhali eziphethe ukuthunyelwa komyalo ezikude ngamamitha ayi-750 ogwini lolwandle. Ngaphezulu kwalo kwaqinisa ipulangwe ye-armored. Ngoba ukwakhiwa kwasetshenziswa 11.6 amathani wegolide.

Iziboshwa zamabhethri

Bahlala endaweni yokulwa yokulwa nomphathi oyinhloko yebhethri ye-Odessa 411 kanye nendawo yokuqapha izenzo zesitha. Idivaysi evulekile i-VK-10 yanda into ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20. Ulwazi mayelana nenhloso yodutshulwa lwathunyelwa ngqo ekuthunyelwe kwesiqondiso sezibhamu ezinkulu ezingu-180-mm. Imigqa yezintambo nezinye izinto zokusebenza zikagesi zazihamba emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba. Njengoba isigodlo sasiboshwe, futhi amanzi angase agcwalise izibhamu, aguqula umgodla okhethekile kanye negumbi elikhulu, lapho amanzi amachibi anamandla aqhutshelwa phezulu.

Futhi emagodini kwakuyizinsizakalo ezengeziwe: igumbi lokubilisa, ibhokisi lezinto zokusebenzisa idizili, ukukhonza izinjini zezibhamu, i-generator kagesi. Ngaphansi komhlaba kwakhiwe amakamelo okugcina amatshe okushisa, amathangi amaningana okugcina, kuze kube ngu-1000 cubic metres. M amanzi ngayinye. Endabeni yokuqoqwa kokutholakala kwesitha kwamanzi ezakhamuzi ze-411, ibhethri le-Odessa lingabanika amanzi isikhathi eside. Amathangi avela emithonjeni ye-artesian agcwaliswa ngamanzi angaphezu kuka-30 m.

Uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi yokuphumula lwanikeza izindawo ezinkulu ezingaphansi komhlaba ngenomoya omusha. Futhi ama-boilers kanye namapayipi amashushu aphulukisa ekamelweni. Isakhiwo sonke esibalulekile sokusekela impilo sasisemhlabeni. Ngaphezulu kwakukhona iziqu eziningi zezibhamu ezinkulu, ezikwazi ukudubula ibanga elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-40.

Izikhali ngezikhali

Izibhamu ezintathu ezingamakhilogremu angamathani angama-160, kanye nedivaysi yokuphendulela, zagubha amadidi amathathu angaphansi komhlaba. Izibhamu ezisezikhungweni zangaphansi zilayishwe ama-projectiles anesisindo esingama-97.5 kg. Enqoleni ekhethekile 2 izikhali zamuyisa ezingeni lika-cannon. Amagceke avikelwe ekuhlaselweni kwamakhemikhali. Amagobolondo awela ngemuva kokudubula ngalinye awela emathonjeni akhethekile angaphansi komhlaba agcwele amashidi ethusi.

Kusukela ezikhungweni eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo ezivela ngaphansi kwamagceke ezempi. Ngesikhathi sokudutshulwa, zonke izintambo phakathi kwamakamelo zivinjelwe. Uma kwenzeka umlilo, bekukhona uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi yokucima umlilo okuzenzakalelayo kuzo zonke izakhiwo. Isevisi yebhethri ye-Odessa 411 yayinabasebenzi abangu-365.

Kuzo zonke izibhamu ezintathu ezisemaphandleni kwakukhona izibhamu ezintathu zokulwa nezindiza ezinamapulangwe angu-45. Futhi ibhethri laliqaphe izibhamu ezintathu ze-antiaircraft "Maxim", ezahlinzeka ngezikhundla zokuvikela izindiza. Kakade ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa kwenkimbinkimbi yokuzivikela, izikhali zamasosha zikwazi ukusebenzisa imishini eyinkimbinkimbi futhi zaqhuba izikhathi zokuqeqesha ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwabachwepheshe abanolwazi.

Ukufihla izakhiwo

Ngesikhathi sokudubula, amagceke okulwa nezikhali ayenamathele omfutho kanye namagatsha omuthi. Ngemva komsebenzi, isakhiwo sasivaliwe ngeminyango emikhulu enamaphiko, lapho kwakukhona indlu encane yomzana, izihlahla eziningana nezihlahla zamagilebhisi. Ukuze ukhohlise isitha eduze nendawo yangempela yebhethri, cishe amamitha angu-700, itholakale ibhethri lamanga.

Kusukela ku-plywood eyakhelwe imibhoshongo, kusukela emanzini wangaphambili enza izibhamu zezibhamu. Kwakhiwe izakhiwo zePulazi. Ngesikhathi ibhethri yangempela yayiqhuba umkhankaso wokulwa, lapho izikhundla zokuhlobisa amanga khona, amasosha avule amabhomu atshisa awakhipha ngokuphelele umusi wesibhamu.

Izibhamu zaseJalimane ziye zabona ibhethri lamanga ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi zaxoshwa emoyeni ngamapulangwe ezinkuni. Ngemuva kwempi, amasosha avuselela zonke izintambo ezibhubhisayo njalo, okwakusindisa ukuphila kwabo ngaphezu kwesisodwa.

Ukuzivikela ngeHeroli kwe-Odessa

Ngo-1941 ngo-Agasti 5 ngehora lesishiyagalolunye ekuseni ekuseni i-volley enezibhamu ezingu-180-mm yaduma kakhulu. Ibutho laseRomania lahlala enqabeni yase-Akkerman, futhi umphathi webhethri u-Ivan Nikolaevich Nikitenko wanikeza umyalo wokuqala wokubhubhisa amabutho amakhulu esitha. Ngemuva kwamagobolondo aqhuma phezulu afike ku-18 km ubude, afinyelele ezikhundleni zezitha, amaRomania agcwala ukwesaba okukhulu. Babecabanga ukuthi baxoshwa ezikebheni. Ivuliwe emagodini angenalutho e-artificial return fire. Ukuqhubeka nokuqhuma amabhomu, impi yethu yabangela ukulimala okungenakuqhathaniswa namabutho ezitha.

UCaptain IN Nikitenko wathola umyalezo wokubonga ovela kumphathi we-25th Chapayev Division, uMajja-General Ivan Petrov, owayengumlindi weSifundazwe saseSouth of defense. Isitha sazizwa zonke izikhundla zokuzivikela zebutho lamaSoviet. Amathani angaphezu kwezingu-200 zensimbi ebulalayo wehla ngesimo sesitha.

Ukudubula kwaqhutshwa ngaphandle kokuyeka imini nobusuku. Ngisho nezibhamu ezinkulu zensimbi azizange zime ukushisa kwempi. Ukusikeka emithonjeni yamagquma kwakugqoke. Abanikazi bezempi baphume ngobusuku obulodwa ukushintsha imiphongolo yezibhamu eziningi, ama-liners angashintshashintshayo ngemidwebo. Ngesikhathi sokulungisa, ezinye izibhamu azizange ziyeke ukudubula ezitheni zezitha. Okuphawulekayo, isikhathi sonke sokuzivikela, akekho olwaqinela enqabeni yasemgwaqeni owake walimala.

Umyalelo wokunikela idolobha

Ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba idolobha linikezwe isitha, iziqhumane zalethwa ebhetri. Amasosha afunde umyalelo ka-Okthoba 1 mayelana nokuzinikela kwedolobha nokubuyela kwezempi. Basabela kabi kakhulu kuye, futhi abafuni ukuzinikela kulo muzi, kodwa umyalo wumyalelo, futhi akukho okushiwo okumele ukulalele. Ngenhliziyo enzima, lezi zikhali zalungisa izikhundla zamabhethri ukuze zinciphise. Abaningi bezempi baqhubeka nokudoba "Isivunguvungu", "Krasin" no-Odessky-1 ", abantu abangu-40 kuphela abahlala ezindaweni zabo.

Ngo-Okthoba 16, 1941 ebusuku ubhethri lobuqhawe lihlanganisa ukuhoxiswa kwe-Primorsky Army yase-Odessa ukusiza ekuvikeleni iSevastopol, ngokuzibophezela ezitheni ezingu-230. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemiyalo yeziphathimandla zempi, ngo-4 ekuseni isimo sebhethri esinobuqhawe sagubha, futhi abasebenzi basechwebeni lokuhweba emikhumbi bathunyelwa ukuvikela iSevastopol.

Isiqalo kumaqhawe

Izakhamizi ezithokozile zase-Odessa azikwazanga ukuhlonipha izinkumbulo zamaqhawe futhi zishiye izinsalela zebhethri ngaphandle kokunakekelwa okufanele. Ngakho-ke, isinqumo seMkhandlu WesiFundazwe kaJulayi 28, 1971, sanqunywa ukwakha amabhethri angu-411 e-Odessa. Itholakala kusayithi lendawo yalo. Emagcekeni angaphambili emigodini enkulu yezibhamu zinezihlahla. Isibhamu esisodwa kuphela, njengombukiso wesikhumbuzo, salethwa esakhiweni esinjalo echwebeni laseSoviet laseMpumalanga Ekude.

Wanikela ngezinsika ezine ezinkulu zesitimela ezine-crane engu-250-ton. Ikakhulukazi yakhe yavuselela isigamu sesibhamu sesibili. Eyokuqala nowesithathu kwakuneziqhumane ze-razvorochki ngokungenakuqondakala. Kusetshenziselwa ukwakha amabhethri angu-411 ayi-Odessa isithombe salezo zikhathi nemibhalo yomlando.

Ukuvulwa kwesikhumbuzo

Ukuvulwa okukhulu kwenkimbinkimbi yesikhumbuzo kwakubanjwe ekugubheni iminyaka engu-30 yokugubha okukhulu kweMpi, ngoMeyi 9, 1975. Umlobi odumile, owayengumqaphi, owavakashela ibhethri phakathi nempi, uKonstantin Simonov wenza inkulumo emkhosini. Wafunda izinkondlo ngezihloko zempi. Abamele uhulumeni kanye nochwepheshe bezempi bakhuluma.

Imishini ehlukahlukene yempi yabuthana ngaleso sikhathi: umkhumbi wamanzi waseMalyutka, indiza, izibhamu eziphikisana nezindiza, isitimela sokuzivikela, izigobolondo, i-torpedoes, amabhomu angaphansi kwamanzi, i-minesweeper, ngisho ne-tram ukuthi, phakathi nempi, yahamba emgwaqweni we-Zastava 2-Front futhi yaxosha abalimele .

I-Museum of Odessa Ibhethri 411

Kukhona imyuziyamu yomlando yememori kulabo abavikeli bebhethri ye-Odessa 411 ekhelini: 150 Kachkalovsky Dacha Street. Kusebenza izinsuku zonke ngaphandle kweLwesihlanu, kusukela ngo-10.00 kuya ku-17.00. Ukuvakasha, kokubili iqembu kanye nomuntu ngamunye, kungalawulwa ngocingo ekuphathweni kwemyuziyamu.

Emnyuziyamu kunemibukiso yezingu-fighters ze-Odessa ibhethri 411, isithombe salezo zikhathi, izithombe zabalawuli kanye nezikhali ezilula, izinto zabo siqu, amadokhumenti kanye nezinye izimiso zomlando. Izinkambo zokubona izindawo ezithakazelisayo ziqhutshwa, lapho izivakashi zifunda amaqiniso amaningi kusukela ebhethri lika- Odessa lika- 411 , umlando wendalo yayo kanye nenhlobo yangempela yokukhulula abantu abaqaphi, abangaziwa kubantu abaningi abavamile.

Ungayithola kanjani isikhumbuzo?

Inkimbinkimbi ingafinyelelwa yiTram No. 19 evela esiteshini sama-16 soMthombo omkhulu. Ukumiswa kokugcina ibhetri lika-Odessa lika-411. Ungafika kanjani ngebhasi ukuya esikhumbuzweni? Kulula kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo zazo eziningi. Kusukela maphakathi nedolobha ukusuka eChedhedral Square usuka no-175 no-No-185. Kusuka eBradley ePresypsky kunebhasi eliqondile No. 191. Kusukela emathuneni eKrivobalkovsky uzothatha u-No. 197. Ungaphinde uhambe ukusuka endaweni yokugcina yeziteshi ze-trolley No. 12, No. 7, No.

Noma ubani ovela e-Odessa ngenjabulo kubavakashi nakwabonke abazofika uzobonisa indlela encane kunazo zonke zokuheha abantu base-Odessa.