I-Inthanethi kanjani. Umlando omncane

Ngamunye wethu okungenani kanye, ukufunda i-imeyili noma ukutadisha imiphumela yomunye umbuzo wosesho, wazibuza ukuthi i-intanethi ivele kanjani. Ngempela, kwakuyini ukuqala kwalesi simiso esikhulu, esingenalo umnikazi othile namuhla.

Njengamanye ubuchwepheshe obuningi kanye nezinto eziqanjiwe, i-intanethi ivela ekujuleni kwezikhungo zempi, okungukuthi, i-Pentagon. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamakhompyutha uma kwenzeka impi yenuzi noma ezinye izimpikiswano zempi, kwakudingeka ukuthuthukisa isimiso esisha esiyisisekelo. Ukufeza lo msebenzi, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, i-DAPRA, i-Advanced Advanced Research Projects Agency, yasungulwa. Yilapho lapho iwebhu yaqala ukugoqa khona.

Ukufunda izincwadi ezihlukahlukene mayelana nokuthi i-intanethi ivele kanjani, kunzima ukunikeza impendulo engavamile, engabhekwa njengesiqalo sangempela. Ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso? Qala umsebenzi wokubeka i-cable yokuqala yokuxhumana? Iseshini yokuqala ephumelelayo?

Eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kokuba i-intanethi ibonakale ngomqondo wayo ovamile, umqondo wokudlulisa ulwazi nge-intanethi noma ukushintshwa kwepakethe kwakhiwe. Eminyakeni engama-60 yekhulu lama-20, ososayensi abaningana, ngokuzimela, babandakanyeka emcimbini wokuxhumana okusabalalisiwe. Phakathi kwabo: AmaMelika uJoseph Liklajder noPaul Baran (ngendlela, i-Ukraine ngokuzalwa), uMongameli waseNgilandi uDonald Davis. U-Liklayder unyaka ka-61 ushicilela amanothi akhe, okwenza umqondo wenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ozovumela wonke umuntu ukuba afinyelele ulwazi cishe kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha. Inqama iveza umbono we "iphakheji", futhi uDavis uveza isidingo sokunikeza ama-node wesistimu hhayi kuphela ukudluliswa kodwa futhi nokuhumusha kolwazi.

Ukuqala kwendlela ende

Ngo-1969, kwenziwa umzamo wokuqala wokuxhuma amakhompiyutha amane amanyuvesi ama-2 ahamba phambili (amathathu kubo ayengamaNyuvesi yaseCalifornia kanye no-1 kuya eStanford University), ahlukene ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu. Isikhathi sokuqala sokuphumelela kwedatha yokudluliswa kwedatha emkhatsini wamakhompyutha amabili kwenzeka ngo-Okthoba. 10/29/1969 22:30 - kwaba nalezi zibalo ukuthi umlando we-intanethi waqala.

Ngomsebenzi wokuthoma wachitha imali eyizigidi eziyi-1 zamaRandi. Ukulungiswa kwemishini yokwethulwa kweprojekthi entsha ebizwa nge-APRAnet, ngaphandle kwezokuphathwa kwekhebula phakathi kwamadolobha, yenziwa yi-BNN. Omunye wabasebenzi bale nkampani ethile wathi: "Angiqondi ukuthi ngubani ongase adinge inethiwekhi enjalo."

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isakhiwo se-APRAnet sithengiswa kuma-computer wezinye izikhungo zokucwaninga namayunivesithi aseMelika. Kulesi sigaba, inkinga yokungahambisani nokushintshashintsha kwesofthiwe, okwenze ukuthi ulwazi lungenakwenzeka, kwavela ngokusobala. Ukungafani okunjalo kubangele isidingo sokwakha uhlelo oluhlangene lokudlulisela idatha. Ngenxa yalokho, abathuthukisi banikeza isethi yemithetho ehlanganisiwe yokudluliswa kolwazi, eyaziwa njengeprotocol. Owokuqala emlandweni kwakuyi-IP (Inthanethi Protocol). Naphezu kokuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo ekudluliseni kolwazi, akuzange kulahlekelwe ukuhambisana nanamuhla. Njengomlawuli wokulawula idatha ekudluliseni, uhlelo lwe- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) lwenziwe.

Inethiwekhi inegama elithi "Inthanethi" ngo-1974. Abanikazi beli patent laleli qembu bangamaMelika Vinton Cerf noBob Kahn.

Njengoba i-intanethi ibonakala, i-half-century ayizange idlulele, kodwa iye yahlanganiswa ngokujulile ekuphileni komuntu wanamuhla ukuthi abaningi baye baba umthombo kuphela wolwazi nolwazi. Ungakwazi ukuphikisana ngokungapheli mayelana nokusebenzisa noma ukulimala kwayo, kodwa uma ufunda le migqa, kusho ukuthi u-intanethi.