I esiyingozi kakhulu intabamlilo emhlabeni: igama, incazelo, indawo kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Namuhla phezu Umhlaba imayelana 600 nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo kanye 1000 yokuqothulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufihla ngaphansi kwamanzi ngisho angaba yizinkulungwane 10. Iningi lawo zilapho kuhlangana khona izingqimba zomhlaba. Mayelana 100 izintaba-mlilo tibheke emhlabeni Indonesia, endaweni entshonalanga US uthi, kukhona mayelana 10, yinhlanganisela mlilo laphawula endaweni kunazo zonke eJapane, Kuril Islands futhi eKamchatka. Kodwa wonke amalungu omndeni - akulutho uma kuqhathaniswa omunye megavulkanom, okuyinto ososayensi banovalo kakhulu.

I esiyingozi kakhulu kanye nezintaba-mlilo

Noma ukuthi ubungozi kunoma iyiphi izintaba-mlilo ekhona, ngisho ukulala. Nquma ukuthi iyiphi iyona ayingozi kakhulu, ingathathwa noyedwa mlilo noma geomorphology, ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukubikezela ngokunembile isikhathi namandla ukuqhuma phi of them. Isihloko "intaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni" ngesikhathi esifanayo isimangalo kuMbusi ongumRoma iVesuvius futhi Etna, iPopocatepetl Mexican, Sakurajima Japanese, Colombian Galeras, elise Congo iNyiragongo eGuatemala - Santa Maria, Hawaii - Manua Loa nabanye.

Uma ingozi intaba-mlilo ukuze bahlole umonakalo Kusolakala ukuthi kungabangela ke kuyoba nengqondo ukufuna umlando, echaza ukuthi imiphumela usubakhiphile eziyingozi kakhulu izintaba-mlilo emhlabeni esikhathini esidlule. Ngokwesibonelo, bonke eyaziwa amangalelwe iVesuvius ngo-79 ngonyaka AD. e. kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane 10. uhlala futhi wasula imizi ibalazwe ezimbili ezinkulu. Ukuqhuma Krakatoa ngo-1883, elisetendeni amandla ayizinkulungwane 200 izikhathi enkulu kunemicebo ibhomu le-athomu eHiroshima, benanela emhlabeni wonke futhi acoshe ukuphila ngaleso 36.000 abantu bakulezi ziqhingi.

Lokhu kuqhuma intaba-mlilo ngo 1783 ngaphansi kwegama Lucky kwaholela yokuthi ingxenye enkulu izinkomo ziye zonakala, futhi ukudla, yingakho 20% of the labantu base-Iceland abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala. Ngonyaka ozayo ngenxa Lucky baba inyumba wonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Konke lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isikali imiphumela elimazayo ingase ingasheshi ethubeni lokuba abantu ukuqhuma ka-mlilo ezinkulu.

supervolcanoes elimazayo

Kodwa bewazi yini ukuthi zonke enkulu eyingozi izintaba-mlilo zomhlaba is lutho kuqhathaniswa okuthiwa kuqhuma supervolcano ngamunye wabo edlule ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka waletha nemiphumela eyinhlekelele ngempela wonke umhlaba futhi baye basishintsha isimo emhlabeni? Lokhu kuqhuma mlilo bebengaba amandla at 8 amaphuzu, nomlotha ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1000 m ³ uyakhishwa ukuze ukuphakama okungenani 25 km. Lokhu kwabangela isikhathi eside sulphur kwezulu, ukungabi bikho kokukhanya kwelanga izinyanga eziningi bese enamathela izingqimba omkhulu umlotha endaweni ebanzi zomhlaba kwamanzi.

Supervolcanoes zihlukaniswa yokuthi endaweni ukuqhuma Ushiye kungekho wentaba futhi lo mgodi. Leli eziyize tsirkoobraznaya nge phansi owendlalekile is ngenxa yokuthi emva uchungechunge ukuqhuma obuqinile ekushayweni ntuthu, umlotha futhi magma engxenyeni engenhla ukuwa entabeni.

I esiyingozi kakhulu supervolcano

Ososayensi bazi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu cishe 20 supervolcano. Endaweni eyodwa kulezi zintaba ezisabekayo manje Lake Taupo eNew Zealand, omunye kufihliwe ngaphansi supervolcano LaseToba echibini, esisogwini esiqhingini saseSumatra. Izibonelo supervolcano ukukhonza njengoba Long Valley California, Wallis eNew Mexico futhi Ira Japan.

Kodwa intabamlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni - lena kakhulu "abavuthiwe 'ukuze ukuqhuma a Yellowstone supervolcano, ise entshonalanga US uthi. Nguye owenza mlilo futhi geomorphology we-USA kanti futhi emhlabeni wonke, bahlala yokwesaba ezikhulayo, okwenza bayakhohlwa zonke angaphansi kwezintaba-mlilo emhlabeni eziyingozi kunazo asebenzayo.

Indawo kanye nosayizi Yellowstone

IYellowstone Caldera itholakala e-United States enyakatho ntshonalanga, Wyoming. Waqale uyayibona satellite 1960. Caldera, ogama usayizi imayelana 55 * 72 km, kuyingxenye edumile emhlabeni Yellowstone National Park. Okwesithathu cishe 900 000 amahektha parkland elisoGwini insimu ka lo mgodi.

Ngaphansi wentaba IYellowstone usahlala giant bubble magma of mayelana 8000 m ukujula. Amazinga ngaphakathi magma eza 1000 ⁰ C. Lokhu esizeni IYellowstone Ipaki Spring hot ogobhozayo sebuningini imifantu ku luyakhukhumeza uqweqwe umusi kanye ukuvelela igesi Izingxube.

iziphethu eziningi nasodakeni amachibi nazo zitholakala khona. Isizathu salokhu kwaba eliwu lokushisa 1600 ⁰ C. ukugeleza mpo edwaleni eliqinileko 660 km ububanzi. Ngaphansi ngezizathu epaki at a 8-16 km ukujula kukhona amagatsha amabili emfuleni.

IYellowstone kuqhuma esikhathini esidlule

Lokhu kuqhuma lokuqala IYellowstone okwenzeka, ngokososayensi, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2 million edlule, kwaba kakhulu emikhulu inhlekelele emhlabeni emlandweni ukhona. Khona-ke, ngo-nokucabanga volcanists ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 2.5. ³ km kwedwala adedelwa emkhathini, futhi uphawu phezulu, okuyinto kwafinyelela ekushayweni kwaba km 50 ngaphezu komhlaba.

Le ntaba-mlilo enkulu futhi iyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni baqala kabusha ukuqhuma neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1.2 million edlule. Khona-ke ngevolumu kwekhabhoni kwaba mayelana izikhathi 10 ngaphansi. Lokhu kuqhuma lwesithathu iphutha ayizinkulungwane 640. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Kwakuthinta kodwa bese ngiyaquleka odongeni emgodini futhi kwakhiwa lo mgodi wamanje namuhla.

Kungani namuhla asaba IYellowstone mgodi

Ngokwalokhu esesixoxe ngakho tintfutfuko endaweni usosayensi Yellowstone National Park kuya kuba sobala ukuthi le ntaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Kwenzekani lapho? Ososayensi bethuswa lezi zinguquko, okuyizinto ikakhulukazi asebenzayo kowezi-2000:

• Iminyaka 6 ngaphambi 2013, izwe elibanzi impela lo mgodi wavuka kakhulu ngendlela 2 amamitha, kanti edlule 20 kuyanda kwaba cm 10 kuphela.
• Kusukela phansi kukora iziphethu entsha ashisayo.
• Ukwandiswa imvamisa futhi amandla okuzamazama komhlaba esifundeni IYellowstone mgodi. Kuphela 2014, kuningi ososayensi kubo azungeze 2000.
• Kwezinye izindawo, ngokusebenzisa izingqimba zomhlaba ebusweni indlela yabo amagesi ngomshoshaphansi.
• It kukhuphuke ngo-degrees eziningana izinga lokushisa lamanzi emifuleni.

Lezi izindaba okwesabisayo savusa umphakathi, futhi ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi Ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika. ososayensi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi nokuqhuma supervolcano kuzokwenzekani kuleli khulu leminyaka.

Imiphumela ukuqhuma Melika

Shono mlilo abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi IYellowstone mgodi - intaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Basikisela ukuthi kuqhuma wakhe esilandelayo sizobe njengoba enamandla njengoba kwenzekile nasesikhathini esedlule. Ososayensi afanise ukuba ukuqhuma ezinkulungwane amabhomu enuzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha angu-160 emhlabeni kwaqala khona konke uyobhujiswa ngokuphelele. I "zone efile 'kuyokuhambela umlotha lwalumboze indawo kuyoshaya amakhilomitha 1600 emhlabeni.

IYellowstone kuqhuma kungaholela nokuqhuma nezinye izintaba-mlilo kanye kumiswa-tsunami enamandla. US eziphuthumayo kwenzeka, futhi umthetho karate ziyokhokhwa. Emithonjeni ehlukahlukene kufika ulwazi United States elungiselela inhlekelele: ukwakha yokukhosela, ukhiqiza abangaphezu kwesigidi amabhokisi plastic we plan ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi, okwenza izivumelwano ne amazwe nakwamanye amazwekazi. Muva nje, i eziyimbangela ku IYellowstone mgodi kweqiniso US uncamela athule.

IYellowstone mgodi futhi ukuphela kwezwe

Ukuqhuma lo mgodi ngaphansi IYellowstone Park, uzakukuhlupha, hhayi kuphela Melika. Umdwebo okuyinto lingathuthukiswa Kulokhu, ubukeka edumele ngoba izwe. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi uma ukuphakama 50 km kwekhabhoni izothatha izinsuku ezimbili kuphela, 'lwefu ukufa "ngalesi sikhathi ngeke insimu, kabili bungangobubanzi lonke zwekazi American.

Ngemva kwesonto, amagesi safinyelela India nase-Australia. Imisebe yelanga bebazokuminza intuthu obukhulu wentaba-mlilo nokubalela umhlaba uzoba unyaka nesigamu (okungenani) ubusika. Amazinga isilinganiso Emhlabeni elizowela -25 ⁰ C, kanti kwezinye izindawo kuyoba kuze ^mayelana -50. Abantu uzofa mfucumfucu wehla esibhakabhakeni kusukela Udaka oluncibilikayo, amakhaza, ukulamba, ukoma, kanye nokungakwazi ukuthatha ikhefu. Ngokusho nekucabangela kuyohlala njalo kuphila qingqo, umuntu oyedwa kuphela kwayinkulungwane.

Lokhu kuqhuma we IYellowstone mgodi iyakhona uma ungabhubhisi ukuphila emhlabeni ngokuphelele, ngokuphelele ukushintsha izimo zaba khona zonke izinto eziphilayo. Akukho muntu ongasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kuqhuma yayo iqala le ntaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni osukwini lwethu, kodwa kwesatshwa walungisiswa ngempela.