Hydrogen cyanide: Ikilasi ifomula ingozi

Hydrogen cyanide noma hydrocyanic ngokuthi hydrocyanic acid. Ayinambala, oluyingozi kakhulu neselula, oluvuthayo kakhulu, has a nephunga ehlukile alimondi. Kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu.

izakhiwo

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN ifomula) kwenzeka emvelweni, aqoqana ezinye izitshalo uye futhi share yayo kagwayi, coke, ngokwahlukana siyenzeka ngesikhathi noqhekeko ezishisayo polyurethane kanye inayiloni. Le into is a zinambuzane ezingokwemvelo futhi ivikela imbewu imbewu izitshalo eziningi ekuhlaselweni by izinambuzane. Ngokwesibonelo, it is eziqukethwe nuclei of amabhilikosi, plums, ama-cherry nama-alimondi.

It is kalula elixutshwe ngasiphi isilinganiso nge ETHYL utshwala, i-ethanol kanye namanzi, kanti ke futhi usabela futhi aldehyde. Hydrogen cyanide iba okuqinile at -13,3 degrees Celsius, isakhiwo fibre ice. It liphenduka igesi 25,7 degrees. Negesi ulula kunokotini emoyeni.

izinto ezahlukene kalula ukuncela hydrocyanic acid. Lokhu, isibonelo, iraba, izindwangu, ukhonkolo, isitini, futhi noma iyiphi ukudla. Hydrogen cyanide ixubene emoyeni amafomu a oluvuthayo, ingxube alufakwa, amandla kuqhume okuyinto obukhulu kunobukaJohane TNT.

ukusetshenziswa

Hydrocyanic acid isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni acrylonitrile, acrylates, kamuva kukhona womshini Plastics. futhi kuyadingeka ukukhiqiza Cyanogen chloride, acrylonitrile, amino acid kanye fumigants asetshenziswa kwezolimo ukulawula izinambuzane eziyinkathazo. Angenele synthesis irabha nitrile kanye nezindwangu zokwenziwa, acidosis acid kanye plexiglass. esetshenziswa ukulawula igundane, magciwane nokubhujiswa izinambuzane zemithi yezithelo ngempumelelo.

Ezokuthutha kanye isitoreji

Ukuze ezokuthutha hydrogen cyanide isetshenziswa njengophawu isitoreji amathangi lesikhashana iziqukathi, wesitimela izimoto. Ukuze unomphela ukusetshenziswa isitoreji eliwumhlaba mpo cylindrical kwesigubhu ivolumu kusuka amahlanu amawaka, anamakhulu cubic metres (isici ukugcwaliswa 0.9-0.95). umfutho womoya, izinga lokushisa kule amasilinda akuyona encishisiwe. Umkhawulo lemali avumelekile isitoreji - amathani amabili.

ushevu

Ubuhlungu bekhanda, ukucasuka, umuzwa wokuthanda umunyu emlonyeni, uvalo - konke okungabangela hydrogen cyanide. ukuchayeka Human luqala ngemva lokunqoba embundwini 0.3 mg / m ³ (Cubed) - is nokukhawulela lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe emoyeni ukuze isikhala zokusebenza. Atmosphere emoyeni nemizana akufanele ibe ngaphezulu kuka-0.01 mg / m ^3.

Le ndoda iqala ukuzizwa isici alimondi iphunga at lokuhlushwa 2-5 mg / m ^3. Njengoba kwanda lokuhlushwa 5-20 mg / m ³ ziboniswa izimpawu zokuqala: ubuhlungu ekhanda isiyezi, ukucasuka we nolwelwesi lwamafinyila futhi amehlo, umlomo athukuthele, liyavela futhi umuzwa akunasidingo sokwesaba. Isikhathi eside ukuchayeka lokuhlushwa 50-60 mg / m ³ kubangela isicanucanu nokuhlanza, palpitations, mydriasis, ukuquleka kanye nokulahlekelwa ukwazi. Ukuze ebulalayo ngokwanele donsa Ukhuphula izinkungu at lokuhlushwa 130 mg / m ³ ngehora, futhi ngezinye lokuhlushwa 220 mg / ^M3 ngesikhathi kuyehla kube imizuzu emihlanu. okuhlushwa ebulalayo 1500 mg / ^M3.

imiphumela bokuphila

Prussic acid - ikhemikhali kungabangela izicubu anoxia. Uma ubuthi emzimbeni womuntu kukhona nokwanda oxygen lwemithambo negazi emithambo yegazi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umehluko lwemithambo-emithambo yegazi, ngenxa yalokho, izicubu-mpilo ukusetshenziswa wancipha. Hydrogen cyanide nosawoti yalo kokuba ziyoncibilika igazi, awela lendwangu basabela ne oxidase cytochrome. Ngemva cyanide kwakwakhe ngesimo trivalent yensimbi siyabhubha umsebenzi ukudluliswa electron ukuze izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yokuthi lokugcina namachibi iyunithi ehluleka, yonke inqubo ukuphefumula kuyaphazamiseka, abaphethwe izicubu hypoxia, ngoba nakuba i-oksijini futhi ilethwa ubuningi kwesokudla, it is hhayi ugxile futhi wamthuma igazi emithambo yegazi ngefomu zinjalo.

Phakathi ukusebenza glycolysis kwenzeka ngesikhathi prussic acid ubuthi: izinguquko exchange kusukela aerobic ukuze anaerobic.

ukuqedwa izingozi

Hydrogen cyanide (isigaba ingozi - 2) kungabulala ukuba abantu. Phakathi kuvele ingozi, okuyizinto ezihlobene ukukhululwa noma spillage ka nch, eyingozi elingamamitha 400 kude. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukuhlukanisa nokususa abantu, ususe noma yikuphi imithombo ilangabi, non-ukubhema. Kufanele kube ohlangothini Kunama.

Nakuba endaweni enobungozi iyadingeka ukusebenzisa imishini zokuzivikela (ekuvikeleni buso noma ukuphefumula apharathasi, kanye nokuvikelwa isikhumba kusho A-1, 5-FIR futhi FIR 4). Ngaphandle chetyrehsotmetrovoy zone Awukwazi ukusebenzisa ukuvikela isikhumba futhi uphathe ezimbonini kanye civil igesi buso bazivikele ubuthi.

Negesi buso nezinye izinto zokuzivikela

Kuhlanganiswe izingalo isihlungi buso ziyasebenza uma lokuhlushwa i-hydrogen cyanide emoyeni lingaphansi kuka 2500 mg / ^M3. Industrial isihlungi buso zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe ka 6000 mg / ^M3. Nokho, uma ingxenyenamba umusi we hydrocyanic acid ezisemoyeni 7000-12000 mg / m ³ (7-12 g), ngisho efake isifihla-buso igesi, umuntu emva kwamaminithi ambalwa ukuzizwa izimpawu ubuthi ngenxa Ukungena ngesikhumba. Yingakho at lokuhlala eliphezulu noma ngemva ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside ezonini edingekayo ukuze ukwazi ukusebenzisa imishini umnyuziki zokuzivikela.