Hazaras - ngubani? Khazars, Pechenegs futhi Cumans

Njengoba isisho sibonisa, "sbiraetsya Oleg Lesiprofetho aziphindiselele Khazars ongenangqondo. ' Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi base ngezansi ezingeni yentuthuko lwamaSlav? Yini esiyaziyo abantu?

Ndawonye, ake siqale sithole izimpendulo zale mibuzo.

Imfihlakalo abantu abalahlekile

Ngenxa inkomba etemibhalo inkathi Kievan Rus, siyazi ukuthi Prince Svyatoslav esebhubhisile imizi esemqoka ye Khazar Khanate.

Sarkel, Samandar futhi Itil babhujiswa futhi bangawusebenzisa isikhundla isimo. Ngemva kwekhulu le-12 ngazo abasho lutho. Latest ulwazi obukhona bubonisa ukuthi ababoshwa futhi benqotshwa amaMongol.

Ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi - kusuka 7 eminyaka - we Khazars wathi ngesi-Arabhu, amaPheresiya, imithombo yobuKristu. amakhosi alo zinomthelela omkhulu ensimini ka North eCaucasus kanye iCaspian emaqeleni eduze komlomo iVolga. Omakhelwane abaningi uncome i-Khazars.

Kuze kube manje, lesi sizwe ligubuzelwe imfihlakalo, futhi abaningi lwazi bukhomba. Abacwaningi neze enze indlela yabo ngokusebenzisa imininingwane kazwelonke ka kofakazi bokuzibonela.

Ama-Arabhu ngezinga elithile ibanga kanye nesikhathi, phakathi abaseTurkey - bahluke ngokuphelele, engeza lapha namanje WaseByzantium, Jewish, Slavic kanye umqondo Khazar. Amagama yasemadolobheni zivame esigabeni lesifanako ngendlela Islamic, kwesinye - ngesiHebheru noma ulimi Turkish. Lokho kungenzeka ukuthi umuzi ucishe, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ngokuphelele ethnonyms abangazange okwamanje kuphumelele. Kanye ukuthola izinsalela nemizana ezinkulu.

Ukwahlulela izincwadi, obutholakele ukudideka ngokuphelele futhi umbhedo. Esikhathini izincazelo inkosi lomuzi - omkhulu, amakhilomitha 500 nesifundazwe amancane. Mhlawumbe, futhi, kuba yincenye yaloluhlelo ayimizulane isilinganiso amabanga. Khazars Petchenegs, Polovtsi kubhekwe njengento indlela imini ukuhlukanisa obuphelele umgwaqo ezintabeni nasethafeni.
Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi ngempela konke kwaba? Asizwise lokhu kancane kancane.

Imicabango ngemvelaphi

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu 7th emathafeni enkulukazi Dagestan, e-Eastern eCaucasus, kukhona abantu bonobumba kodwa ezinamandla kakhulu - Khazars. Ungubani wena?

Bazibiza "Kasari". Igama, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi abaningi, lisuselwa impande Turkic "Kaz" kusho inqubo "nomadism". Okusho ukuthi ungabiza ngokwabo nje abayimizulane.

Okunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ihlobana Persian ( "Khazars" - "inkulungwane"), isi-Latin (Caesar) kanye Turkic ( "bangabi yizigqila zewayini") izilimi. Empeleni, hhayi indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile, ngakho engeza umbuzo ohlwini evulekile.

Umsuka wegama kubantu futhi ngaphansi kwesihenqo ekusithekeni. Namuhla, iningi ubona namanje Turkic. Yini izizwe zithi amadlozi?

Ngokwe-theory lokuqala - izindlalifa Akatsirs isizwe, enye ingxenye yombuso kanye olukhulu Huns.

Indlela yesibili ukuthi basuke kubhekwe izifiki ezivela Khorasan.
Lezi imibono eyayisinesikhathi babe nobufakazi obuncane.

Kodwa ezimbili ezilandelayo anele futhi baqinisekisa amaqiniso athile. Umbuto ukutsi, kumiphi imithombo kunembe kakhulu.

Ngakho, imfundiso lwesithathu libhekisela Khazars inzalo Uighurs. Chinese e zemihla yakhe ngabo ngokuthi "abantu-to sa." Phakathi Ngokuwa Empire Hun, sibambe buthakathaka ingozi, ingxenye Oguz waya entshonalanga. amaqembu Self-zamagama elihunyushwa ngokuthi "izizwe eziyi-10", "izizwe 30", "isizwe elimhlophe", njalo njalo.

Yini wabo Khazars? Ubani ongafaka uqinisekise? Kukholakala ukuthi lesi sizwe wayephakathi kwabo.

Ngo inqubo Izindawo, bazithola eNorthern iCaspian kanye Kuban. Kamuva, nge ithonya elandayo, kusingathwa eCrimea futhi eduze komlomo iVolga.

Enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea lide kakhulu imithombo medieval wayengaziwa nje kuphela ngokuthi "Husar". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho e Kiev kwaba ihlukane ka Amasosha kusuka kulelo zwe. Mayelana ngala maqiniso kungabonwa ngokusebenzisa toponym ulondolozwe 'Kozar ipheshana. "

Isimiso sezombangazwe

Ekuqaleni abantu abayimizulane enqubeni sokulungisa ukuthola elinamandla futhi subordinated izizwe ezintsha. isigaba sabaphathi Aqine yokutholwa Turkish Empire.
Ngesikhathi inhloko isimo kwaba "Hagan" kwezinye izindawo ezingabalulekile ezibhekisela Jewish - "kuMeleki", Arab - "malik" noma "Umbusi wamaSulumane". Wayengumuntu unodoli kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni futhi ihlanganisa imisebenzi yenkolo futhi ayenemisebenzi yokuziphilisa. Empeleni, isihloko unikezwa ukubusa kodwa hhayi elawula. Okuthile efana isimo samanje British Queen.

Nge ummango beya sobukhosi Khazars kwadingeka isiko ezithakazelisayo. Egumbini nomkhandlu okusezingeni eliphezulu sezizwe zakwa entsha Hagan ayiminyanisa ekufeni usilika intambo. Ngokulandelayo, Ngicela ukubuza ukuthi wayenesifo uyobusa. Lapho lokuphelelwa isikhathi, ngasendleleni, wabulawa.

Uma ngobuqili isicelo futhi ngokuthi inani elikhulu, namanje wasebenzelana naye ngemva kokuba inkosi wabulawa iminyaka engamashumi amane.

"Umhlaba" amandla emimoya Bey. Ngo ukuqonda kwethu - kuba ngqongqotshe kahulumeni. Esesandleni sakhe yibutho, kusho izikhulu. Eqinisweni, wabusa Khanate.

ekilasini Upper kwaba Khazar Izicukuthwane - Tarhan, notch ngezansi wayezazi abantu abenziwe izigqila ngabaseGibithe - Elteber.

Isifundazwe libuswa ababusi - Tudun, okuyinto unomthwalo intela amaqoqo, imisebenzi kanye kube nokuhleleka ezindaweni zakhona.

umnotho

Ejwayelekile isimo empumalanga ephakathi, nazo zonke amasiko kanye indlela yokuphila. Umahluko owokuthi ukuthi isidlulile esigabeni zokuzulazula ukuba ixazululwe.

Ngesisekelo umnotho izinkomo, ngokuvumelana namasiko waboyisemkhulu lasendulo. Kodwa wanezela kuso ezifanelekayo ukufuya nezivini ukukhiqizwa utshwala, ukutshala okusanhlamvu amakhabe.

Njengoba sekunama-edolobheni ethuthuka izikebhe. Jewellers, ngensimbi, yababumbi, tanners futhi amanye amakhosi yakha isendlalelo sokobana ukuhweba yangaphakathi.

Yazi futhi iqembu elibusayo futhi ibutho babeziphilisa impango inkokhiso evela omakhelwane yanqotshwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, into enkulu yenzuzo babe nezimali nentela izimpahla ukuthi ukuvumela ensimini Khanate. Uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi umlando we Khazars is kuhlangene ku zemigwaqo "East-West", nje babengakwazi uyawasebenzisa amathuba okuhlanganyela.

I Khanate izandla kwaba indlela kusuka China eYurophu, kuye kwaba ngaphansi kolawulo isimo navigation iVolga futhi engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandle iCaspian. Derbent waba odongeni ukuthi ohlukanisa zinkolo ezimbili ezilwayo - orthodox Islam. Yikuphi wanikeza kungenzeka ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ukuhweba umlamuli.

Abanye call lokhu kuziphatha emazweni "yisinanakazana", kuyilapho abanye singaphoqi kuphela indlela futhi okunengqondo ukuze sisinde achumayo namaqiniso isimo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Khazars waba enkulu Ukudlula iphuzu ekuhwebeni ngezigqila. Bethatheka northerners wathenga ngokuphelele up by yamaPheresiya Arabhu. Amantombazane - kokubili ezancinza isigodlo nezinceku, amadoda - njengoba zamaqhawe, basepulazini nezinye onzima.

Futhi ekhulwini 10-11 isimo kubalwa zemali lalo. Nakuba kwaba ukulingiswa lemali Arab, kodwa into ephawulekayo ukuthi kulo mbhalo "Muhammad - umprofethi" Khazar zemali, wema igama "UMose".

Isiko nenkolo

Ulwazi esemqoka ngabantu, abacwaningi wemithombo eyayilotshwe. Kusukela izizwe ayimizulane ezifana Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans, izinto more xaka. An isethi ngaphambilini kwanoma iyiphi idokhumenti alikho.
A disparate kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe zenkolo noma uhlobo zasekhaya akuzona umuzwa omkhulu. Kubo ukuthola kuphela amatshana ayigugu ulwazi.

Kangakanani esikwaziyo ngomhlaba isiko wesizwe umbhalo imbiza "wenza ukuba uJosefa"? Lapha sizothola baqonde kuphela lokho kwaba zobumba ezivamile futhi ngokusho kwezinye izinkolelo ngokolimi, ezifana amagama okuqondene ezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Nakuba lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Lokhu isitsha lokkhu uthenge futhi ukuletha, bathi, kusukela eByzantium efanayo futhi Khorezm.

Eqinisweni, into eyodwa kuphela waziwa. "Bayiziwula Khazars" kuhlanganisa izizwe eziningana nezinhlanga, owakhuluma Slavic, Arabhu, isi-Turkish zezigodi abangamaJuda. elite isimo wakhuluma futhi igcinwe imibhalo isiHebheru, abantu abavamile wasebenzisa lokubhala Runic, okuholela umbono mayelana izimpande zawo Turkic.

Izazi zanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi yiwona ocishe ufane Khazar ulimi elikhona Isi-Chuvash.

Inkolo esimweni babekhona nabo ezahlukene. Nokho, ngenkathi i-Khanate kwelanga, ubuJuda kwaqala luvame ephezulu ngaphezulu. History of the Khazars ngokuyinhloko ephathelene nayo. Emakhulwini eminyaka 10-11 "ngokuthula nokuhlalisana izinkolo" kufike ukuphela.

Yaqala ngisho semfene phakathi omakhelwane bamaJuda kanye Muslim emadolobheni amakhulu. Kodwa Thunder kuleli cala, abalandeli of the Prophet Muhammad.

Mayelana nesimo sezindaba phakathi kwababusi engezansi umphakathi, singakwazi nahlulele nobunzima ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwanoma iyiphi imithombo, kodwa kafushane ezimbalwa ukubalula. Kodwa kule kamuva.

imibhalo Khazar

imithombo emangalisa isimo kuleli zwe, umlando walo idivayisi beza kithi sibonga eyodwa Spanish umJuda. Cordoba courtier okuthiwa Hasdai Ibn Shafrut, wabhalela inkosi yabantwana Khazars, ukutshela mayelana kaganate.

Owenza isenzo esinjalo kubangelwa indlela esamangala ngayo. He is yena ungumJuda, oyisifundiswa, wayazi ngokwenzeka kokuthikamezeka bakubo. Bese kuthi-ke izivakashi kusukela abathengisi empumalanga zisitshele khona amazwe eyodwa, esinamandla futhi athuthukile kakhulu, okuyinto yayibuswa yobuJuda.

Njengoba labo imisebenzi kwaba Hasdai futhi engumkhulumeli ochwepheshile, yena ulandela imithetho baphendukela Kagan ngoba ulwazi lweqiniso.

Impendulo, wayesalokhu ngiyitholile. Futhi ngabhala (kunalokho wabizela) ke uqobo "Meleh Iosif, indodana ka-Aroni," Hagan Khazar umbuso.

Encwadini utshela eningi ukwaziswa okuthakazelisayo. Umyalezo uthi okhokho bakhe kwadingeka enobudlelwane ne Umayyads. Ngaphezu kwalokho, utshela mayelana nomlando nendlela uhulumeni.

Ngokusho kwakhe, lo ukhokho Khazars kuyinto UJaphet waseBhayibhelini, indodana kaNowa. Inkosi utshela legend of ekwenziweni UbuJuda njengoba inkolo isimo. Ngokusho kwakhe, kwanqunywa ukuba esikhundleni zobuqaba, owawuke ababethi Khazars. Ngubani nje owayengenza ke indlela engcono kakhulu? Yiqiniso abapristi. Christian, Muslim namJuda bamenyiwe. I last kwaba isho kakhulu futhi phikisana nabanye.

Ngokusho version yesibili (hhayi incwadi), uvivinye abapristi sasihlanganisa sokuqonda imiqulu engaziwa, okuyizinto "izingozi ojabulayo 'babe Torah.
Kagan Landelayo liyakhuluma ngokuphela geography yezwe nemizi yalo ezinkulu ekuphileni kwabantu. Bachitha entwasahlobo nasehlobo emhlabathini ukukhempa esikhathini abandayo konyaka ekamu.

Iphela incwadi phawula kokuqhosha mayelana isikhundla Khazar Khanate njengoba isivikelo esiyinhloko, okuyinto usindisa AmaSulumane kusukela ayehlasela namaqaba enyakatho. Rus futhi Khazars, kufana kakhulu bengavumelani ekhulwini 10, okwaholela ekutheni ukufa le iCaspian uthi.

Lapho benza isizwe sonke?

Nokho, abakwazanga abhubhise sonke isizwe empandeni ababusi Russian ezifana Sviatoslav, Oleg Veschy. I Khazars kwakuzodingeka bahlale futhi sigxilise abahlaseli noma omakhelwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Khanate ibutho amasosha wayengekho lincane kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni kumele ugcine ukuthula kuzo zonke izindawo ehlasela futhi ezibhekene Arabhu nge lwamaSlav.

Kuze kube manje, inguqulo ozwakalayo kakhulu ibona okulandelayo. ukunyamalala kwakhe Empire ukweleta kuqondana izimo eziningana.

Okokuqala, ukuvelela ezingeni iCaspian Sea. Isibalo esingaphezulu kwengxenye ezweni kwaba phansi echibini. Emadlelweni nezivini, izindlu kanye nezinye izinto nje abasekho.

Ngakho, sicindezelwe nenhlekelele engokwemvelo, abantu baqala ukubaleka futhi bathuthele ngasenyakatho nasentshonalanga, lapho bebhekene nokuphikiswa omakhelwane. Lapha nalaphaya ezindaweni Kievan ithuba izikhulu zibe "izoziphindiselela Khazars ongenangqondo. ' Kwakubhapathizwa isikhathi eside - thatha abantu ebugqilini yamanani ku eVolga Umzila wezohwebo.

Isizathu sesithathu, eyasebenza njengodonga shot control, kwaba ukudideka ezizweni yanqotshwa. Bazizwa nobuthakathaka izinhlinzeko zoMthetho abacindezeli futhi wavukela. Kancane kancane balahlekelwa sifundazwe, omunye ngemva komunye.

Inani lawo wonke lezi zici, wawa isimo prostrate ngenxa umkhankaso Rus, owabhubhisa imizi emithathu emikhulu, kuhlanganise enhlokodolobha. Prince Svyatoslav ngokuthi. I Khazars asikwazanga yokulwisana ukumelana enyakatho abaphikisi ayakufanelekela. Amasosha musa njalo ukulwa kuze kube sekupheleni. Isikhathi sokuphila kwayo kuyabiza.

Le nguqulo ibe yiqiniso iningi ubani kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka abasindile, kanje. Phakathi nokwenziwa, le Khazars ihlanganiswe ne Kalmyks, futhi namuhla ingxenye yalesi sizwe.

Izinkomba ezincwadini

Uma kucatshangelwa inani ezincane zolwazi walondoloza mayelana Khazars imisebenzi zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana.

Okokuqala - lena izincwadi zomlando noma impikiswano zenkolo.
Esesibili - ukuze ingoma eqanjiwe Cinga amazwe elingekho.
Okwesithathu - mbumbulu umkhiqizo.

abadlali Main - Hagan (ngokuvamile njengoba uhlamvu ehlukile), inkosi, noma Bek Iosif, Shafrut, Svyatoslav futhi Oleg.

The main theme - nganekwane we ukwamukelwa baphuma ebuJudeni futhi ubudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe ezifana lwamaSlav futhi Khazars.

Impi nama-Arabhu

mlando Ubude ukuhlonza emibili sempi yezikhali 7-8 eminyaka. Impi yokuqala eyathatha iminyaka eyishumi, kwesibili - ezingaphezu kuka amabili nanhlanu.

Ukuxabana kwaba Kaganate ezintathu sompristi, okuyinto ngokuhamba izenzakalo ezingokomlando indawo nomunye.

Ngo-642, le mpi lokuqala kwaba senziwa ama-Arabhu. Bahlasela eCaucasus endaweni ye Khazar Khanate. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi wahlala izithombe eziningana ezikebheni. Siyabonga kubo, siyakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kwakungamadodana Khazars. Ukubukeka, izikhali, zempi.

Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ozithola ozenzekelayo futhi izingxabano zendawo, amaSulumane lunqunywe yahlasela, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho lahluleka kabuhlungu Belenjer.

Impi yesibili kwaba eside futhi ukulungele. Yaqala lapho lisaqala kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili, futhi waze waphela iminyaka 737. Phakathi empini amasosha Khazar safinyelela izindonga Mosul. Kodwa ephendula amabutho Arab ethumba Samandar futhi ukugembula Kagan.

izibhelu Okufanayo kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngekhulu lesi-9. Ngemva kwalokho, ukuthula senziwe umbono yokuqinisa izikhundla Christian uthi. Umkhawulo owawugobhoza udonga Derbent owawungumnyaka Khazar. Zonke ingeyamakhosi Arabhu kuya eningizimu.

Rus futhi Khazars

Kiev isikhulu Svyatoslav Khazars anqotshwa. Ngobani abazobe ukusiphika? Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi ibonisa ubuhlobo lokugcina kuphela. Yini lalinjalo ambalwa eminyaka angaphambi ekunqotshweni?

LwamaSlav amarekhodi okukhulunywe izizwe ezihlukahlukene (radzimichy, vyatichi, njll), okuyinto zazingaphansi kwabakhululekileyo Khazar Khanate, baze bathunjwa Oleg Lesiprofetho.

Ithi walinameka kubo intela kulula isimo yedwa ukuthi Khazars, manje ngeke ukhokhe. Akungabazeki ukujika okunjalo imicimbi okubangelwa lunikeza ukuphendula Empire. Kodwa impi akukhulunywa kunoma imuphi umthombo. Asikwazi baqagela kuphela ngokuthi yokuthi ukuthula nesiphaphamtjhini futhi Ruses Khazars futhi Pechenegs waya imikhankaso ngokuhlanganyela.

Nasi isiphetho ezithakazelisayo futhi inselele ukuthi lesi sizwe.