Lapho ukuzibusa wendawo zadalwa? WeMithethonqubo izikhungo zemstvo

Ukulandela ukuqedwa serfdom kwakunengozi sidzingo setingucuko ephuthumayo uhlelo lohulumeni basekhaya. Ekuqaleni 1863 umsebenzi okhethekile okulungiselelwe uhlaka indlela entsha uhulumeni wendawo, okuyinto kamuva yase yaziwa ngokuthi "lendawo ukuzibusa." Bakhandwa esekelwe "Imithetho phezu yesifundazwe nezindawo zezemfundo wesifunda zemstvo". Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we esasayinwa Tsar u-Alexander II-January 1, 1864.

imisebenzi zemstvoes

"Isimo izikhungo ezweni" olwabiwa zonke zemstvos phezu wesifundazwe kanye esifundeni. imisebenzi yabo zichazwe amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo futhi kafushane kungenziwa ethulwa ngale ndlela:

- Ukuphathwa kwempahla, izimali zemstvos;

- superintendence zokukhosela, esiza abantulayo izindlu nezinye kumgomo;

- ukusungulwa izikole, izibhedlela, imitapo yolwazi, kanye ukunakekelwa wabo;

- kuqala ekuhlanganiseni yohwebo zendawo umkhakha;

- kokunikezela ezidingekayo izidingo zomnotho balelo butho nezinye mail;

- iqoqo izimali zendawo izintela, isimo esithile;

- izinyathelo lwenhlangano zokuphatha okuhloswe ngazo nokugcina umsebenzi evamile Zemstvos;

- usizo ukuze kulondolozwe izitshalo, ukuvimbela ukulahleka izinkomo, ukulawula sidla amagundane amancane futhi isikhonyane.

Lezi kanye nezinye imisebenzi Zemstvos abonisa spectrum kuphela kwezomnotho yemisebenzi yabo.

Lapho bedalwa zemstvo

Ngokwe- "Regulations ...", ukuzibusa wendawo Kwamiswa ezifundazweni 33. Okukhishwayo babe eBessarabia esifundeni, izwe kwezinhloko zamaviyo Don, esifundazweni ezifana Mogilev, Yurevskaya, Astrakhan futhi Arkhangelsk, kanye Polish, isi-Lithuanian kanye izifundazwe aseBaltic. Kula mazwe kuze 1911 eziqhutshwa amakomiti akhethekile emnothweni wendawo. Umehluko waba ukuthi lendawo ukuzibusa owenziwa kuqokwa kanye ezigceme neziphathimandla eziqokelwe eMnyango Wezangaphakathi. Ukuze uqonde isizathu salokhu isinqumo, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele indlela ekungeneleni ukhetho, njengoba kwamiswa ngenxa ye Zemstvo.

Njengoba ukhetho okwenzeka e umkhandlu wesifunda

Abahleli balo izinguquko County ayikwazanga obala nimemezele izimiso izigodi eziphathiswe iziphathimandla zendawo, kodwa futhi ukunikeza ilungelo lokuvota ukuze wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, njengoba kwakubonakala kubo kungamukeleki.

Kumiswa iziphathimandla zendawo kungenziwa imelelwa itafula.

Njengoba singabona, umzimba omkhulu wakhethwa curia. Bona ukuhlukanisa Curia abaninimhlaba, abalimi kanye nabahlali ezisemadolobheni. Abanikazi umhlaba umhlaba imfuneko eyayibekwe ukuthi izifundazwe ezahlukene zazisuka 200 kuya ku-800 amahektare amaningi endawo. izakhamuzi City banelungelo lokuvota yonyaka inzuzo yemali amafa ruble ezingaphezu kuka-6000. Curia impahla yasemakhaya ziqu kwadingeka - ongumlimi Congress amandla abameleli babo, ababezimisele siyolwela ukuba izithakazelo Okwesithathu bezindlu ku zemstvo. Inani elikhulu ekilasini kade lingaphansi kuka-10% wamavoti Zemstvo LoMhlangano.

Abaningi ezweni lapho kungekho ukuzibusa wendawo adaliwe noma ezifundazweni umngcele muva yayilokhu izidlela nje. Iziphathimandla emaphakathi babesaba ukuvuma ukulawula abantu balapha, ogama izinqumo ezingase zilimaze neziphathimandla emaphakathi noma ephikisayo bakhutsatwe esifundeni.

Counterreforms 1890

Ngo-1890 yanyatheliswa "Leli lungiselelo elisha ku izikhungo ezweni", owawuthi ingxenye enkulu yabantu bakhona bancishwa amalungelo ayo ukuvota. Ukhetho obanjwa ngaphansi imithetho emisha ngo-1897, yabonisa waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi iBhodi abakhulu nezikhulu kanye nabamele ukwehla abantukazana - 1.8% we lonke inani amalungu Zemstvos.

kugucuka okwengeziwe

Imithetho yendawo ukuzibusa kushintshiwe ngesikhathi salezi zinguquko ka 1905-1907. Khona-ke imithetho nokulinganisa amalungelo abalimi uyingane yokutholwa, futhi ngo-1912 ukuzibusa wendawo Kwamiswa kakade ezindaweni entshonalanga Russia. Ngemva 1917 , umkhandlu wesifunda uyekwa.