Emlandweni Russia eziningi izimo, lapho kungaba owesinye isizwe owenza ngokuvakashela esandisa inkazimulo yayo futhi abe ngezinhlanga nokuqhosha ngohlanga. Futhi Feofan Grek, ongowokuzalwa eByzantium, ungumGreki ngokuzalwa (kungakho isidlaliso) baba omunye komkhulu Russian isithonjana abadwebi.
Kukhethwa esivuna Russia
Kungenzeka, uma Theophane banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i ngokuphelele bashintshe ukuphila kwabo, esikhundleni ukufika e-Italy e-Russia e suite (kufanele) Metropolitan Cyprian, wayengeke ulahleke phakathi abaculi abaningi WaseByzantium. Kodwa ngo Muscovy, waba ngowokuqala emthaleni okhazimulayo abadwebi. Naphezu ukuqashelwa kwandile, nezinsuku zokuzalwa nokufa umdwebi okuthiwa mayelana - iminyaka 1340-1410.
Ukungabi nolwazi olwanele
Kuyaziwa ukuthi Feofan Grek, ogama biography izono namabala amhlophe, wazalwa eByzantium, wasebenza kokubili eConstantinople nedlelo layo - Chalcedon. Njengoba ezigcinwe Feodosia (ngaleso sikhathi Kafa) nemidwebo kuyabonakala ukuthi ngenkathi umculi wasebenza kuleli koloni Genoese - Galata futhi Cafe. Akekho umsebenzi wakhe WaseByzantium ayizange asinda, futhi udumo emhlabeni beza kuye sibonga umsebenzi owawenziwa eRussia.
ezizungeze entsha
Lapha elapha impilo kanye nomsebenzi sathola ithuba ukuwela nabantu abaningi kangaka enkulu ngesikhathi - Andrei Rublev, uSergiyu ka Radonezh, Dmitriem Donskim, Epiphanius the Hlakaniphile (kabani ayibhalela Archimandrite Kirill liwumthombo oyinhloko idatha oluchaza omkhulu isithonjana umdwebi) Metropolitan U-Alexis. Kuyinto umphakathi zizincishe injabulo, futhi othisha benza okuningi ngenxa yenkazimulo Russia.
Umthombo oyinhloko ulwazi mayelana Theophanes esiGrekini
Feofan Grek efika eNovgorod e 1370, okungukuthi ngokugcwele indoda ovuthiwe futhi umculi kusungulwa. Uye waphila lapha engaphezu kwengu-30, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Nekusebenta kuyamangalisa. Ngokusho kobufakazi Epiphanius elifanayo Hlakaniphile Feofan Grek ngesineke sonke amasonto 40. Incwadi Archimandrite Tver noMsindisi-St sezindela yabhalwa ngo-1415, ngemva kokufa master, futhi ezisekhona hhayi zombhalo, kanye nohlu engxenyeni ekhulwini XVII yesibili. Kukhona ezinye zemihla Qinisekisa amaqiniso yandiswe. Omunye wabo wathi ukuthi 1378 ngomyalo wabaholi we boyar Vasily Danilovich "Grechanina" u ngesineke ngu Theophanes le isimo Church, esisogwini Commerce uhlangothi Veliky Novgorod.
I nokuqala kwenkathi Novgorod
Feofana Greka nemidwebo ezindongeni Isigodlo waqala lokuqala yayo ezishiwo imibhalo ye okufukuzwa kulo eRussia. Baze ukulondolozwa kusele izingxenyana, ekubeni sesimweni esihle kakhulu, siye ngasinda, futhi phakathi yobuciko elikhulu kakhulu lobuciko ephakathi. Isimo engcono ngaso Dome nezindonga okwakukhona ekwayeni zintathu Chapel. Njengoba lesi sibalo uma 'zintathu' futhi Macarius laseGibhithe kakhulu kuyabonakala brushwork ehlukile, eyayintula brilliant Feofan Grek. I Dome walondoloza ngokudayisa isithombe Pantocrator (Pantokratoras), okuyinto emangalisa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye walondoloza sibalo Dame. A drum (ingxenye Dome asekelayo) - Image Eliya futhi Ioana Predtechi. Futhi lokhu okuyigugu ngokukhethekile kulezi esemathuneni akudala, njengoba, ngeshwa, wadala phezu kweminyaka eminingana umsebenzi engakaze bodokotela, phikisa abanye abacwaningi. Ngokuvamile, bonke le nemidwebo ye sezindela ngokuqinisekile wenziwa ngendlela entsha - kalula futhi ezibanzi, imivimbo khulula, imibala igcinwe, ngisho ncishana ukunakwa main ikhokhelwa abantu yabangcwele. Ngendlela yokubhala Feofana Greka wazizwa ifilosofi yakhe ethile.
ikhono waseRussia ukuvuseleleka
Nokho kwakukhona Kwakuwukunqoba okukhulu Dmitriya Donskogo, kuphangwa Golden zidlamlilo baqhubeka, evutha idolobha Russian wabhubhisa amathempeli. Kodwa labo Russia eqinile ukuthi savuka, kabusha futhi baba nakakhulu. Esikhathini imidwebo zezindela abuyiselwe iqhaza futhi Feofan Grek, ngubani kusukela 1380 uye wasebenza Nizhny Novgorod, endaweni wokushiswa ngokuphelele 1378 dolobha Suzdolsko-Nizhekorodskogo ubukhulu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi wayekwazi iqhaza yokudweba uMsindisi Cathedral kanye Annunciation Monastery. Futhi kakade 1392, umdwebi isebenza kweNyuka Cathedral Kolomna ngesicelo Grand Duchess Eudoxia, umka-Prince Dmitry. Kamuva Cathedral lavuselelwa izikhathi eziningi, futhi eqoshiwe awazange balondolozwa.
Ezihambayo eMoscow
Feofan Grek, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako, ngeshwa, ngokuvamile kakhulu ezihlobene ngegama elithi "okusolakala", ngemva Kolomna wathutha eMoscow. Lapha, futhi lokhu kuqinisekiswa zintathu Chronicle, hhayi incwadi engaziwa, amadlingozi izindonga ehlotshiswe amathempeli amathathu. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesenalo kakade esikoleni sakhe, abafundi kanye nabalandeli, futhi iqhaza odumile isithonjana umdwebi eMoscow kaSimoni Black e 1395 Theophanes uveza ezindongeni Church of the kukaJesu of the Virgin Mary futhi yesonto St uLazaru ku Kremlin. Zonke umsebenzi kwenziwe ngomyalo okufanayo Grand Duchess Eudoxia. Nalapha futhi, kufanele sivume ukuthi isonto ayizange yasinda, ekhona manje Grand ezibiyele Palace umi endaweni yayo.
Amashwa, libe elezinzinga-zingwadule wizadi
Waqaphela njengoba wayeyisazi Ephakathi, isithonjana umdwebi Feofan Grek kanye nabafundi bakhe siqala 1399 kuya umhlobiso lombhishobhi, ziphele nya khan iGolden zidlamlilo kanye Tyumen ubukhulu - Tokhtamysh. Kusukela incwadi Epiphanius ngiyazi ukuthi inkosi edwetshwe ezindongeni zethempeli eMoscow ezibiyele, nazo zonke amasonto alo. Kodwa engxenyeni umakhi Italian XVI ngekhulu lesibili Aloisio okusha parses ethempelini yakha esekhona entsha self-osesikhundleni.
Feofana Greka art ingxenye enkulu omelelwa esemathuneni akudala, njengoba kuyinto kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe zibe izindonga ngaphandle kwebandla. Ngo 1405 umsebenzi wakhe ephambana nge Andreya Rubleva umsebenzi uthisha wakhe - "umdala ovela Gorodets", ngakho ukubiza eMoscow isithonjana umdwebi Prokhor kusukela Gorodets. Abaculi abathathu abadumile isikhathi sakhe esiningi, ndawonye wadala esontweni lombhishobhi Basil mina, ukuthi Annunciation Cathedral.
I nemidwebo awazange walondoloza - isonto enkantolo, yebo, kabusha.
ubufakazi olungenamkhawulo
Yini wahlala? Yini inkumbulo yena washiya yesizukulwane le Theophanes omkhulu? Icons. Ngokusho kwelinye izinguqulo ekhona iconostasis esekhona of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow ezibiyele lalibhalwe ngoba kweNyuka Cathedral Kolomna. Ngemva komlilo ngo-1547 ihanjiswe Kremlin. Sesonto efanayo "Our Lady of the Don", uphawu nge yomlando wakhe. Njengoba omunye "Nesisa" ukulungiswa eziningi (elinye igama - "Injabulo yazo zonke nezinjabulo"), i-oyinganekwane usizo isimanga ukunqoba iwine ibutho Grand Duke Dmitry ka izindimbane Golden zidlamlilo e 1380. Ngemva Battle of Kulikov , isikhulu, futhi isithonjana Ukuvikela ithole isiqalo "Don" futhi "Don". kakhulu umfanekiso ezimbili - ohlangothini reverse kukhona "Assumption iNcasakazi." wobuciko Ayigugu igcinwe Tretyakov Igalari. Thina kwenziwe lapho bebhekene nokuvivinywa okuningi, futhi omunye ingaphikisana ngokuthi umbhali nakanjani Feofan Grek. Icons "-enamadijithi amane" futhi "ioann Predtecha - Angel yasehlane nge Scenes kusukela Ukuphila Kwakhe" basonta workshop komdwebi kodwa wazo siqu PHIKISA. Imisebenzi amakhosi esikoleni sakhe zihlanganisa isithonjana kunalokho usayizi esikhulu, abhalwe 1403 - "Inguquko".
I paucity idatha oluchaza
Ngempela, zimbalwa kakhulu imisebenzi olubhaliwe amakhosi ezinkulu. Kodwa Epiphanius Ohlakaniphile, ababemazi mathupha, enze abangane naye, babaza ithalenta, yizinhlobonhlobo ithalente, ububanzi bolwazi ukuthi akakholelwa ubufakazi bakhe akukwazi. Spas Feofana Greka zivame ukuliveza njengesibonelo sendlela esikoleni ngesiGreki ukusebenza ngendlela eqinile WaseByzantium umdwebo. Lokhu Umfanekiso, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, kuyinto ambitious kunazo zonke ezatholakala ngo-1910 ngu-lokusinda izinsalela odongeni imidwebo we Novgorod Cathedral. Ingenye ezikhumbuzo abaziwa umhlaba wonke bokwakha olukhulu eRussia ephakathi. Esinye isithombe uMsindisi, okubhekisele imisebenzi ye-master, uku-Kremlin phezu Annunciation iconostasis.
Omunye omkhulu "Ziqu-zintathu"
Phakathi nemidwebo lombhishobhi kungenye ngobuciko ukubaluleka izwe, umlobi zazo Feofan Grek. "UZiqu-zintathu" oCwebileyo kahle futhi itholakala igalari. ngesakhiwo wekhanoni "Umoya Wokungenisa Izihambi ka-Abrahama 'siyisisekelo yalo msebenzi, nakuba isibalo lakhe Umfanekiso engafakwanga," uZiqu-zintathu "ufanelwe isifundo namanje ezinganeni enemininingwane. Encwadini ayibhalela Epiphanius uyakujabulela banamakhono amaningi Feofana Greka - isipho umlandzi, ithalente engumngane ohlakaniphile, ngendlela yokuloba okungavamile. Ngokusho kobufakazi yale ndoda, isiGreki, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayenobuhlobo ithalente ngokuba miniaturist. Futhi sichazwa ngokuthi umdwebi isithonjana, inkosi nemidwebo omkhulukazi futhi yesikhumbuzo. "Kwakungumkhuleko abasebasha ncwadi ngamabomu isithonjana-umdwebi" - ukuthi umsindo le ngoma yokudumisa yokuqala. Zabhalwa izithonjana kusukela Psalter okuqondene Ivanu Groznomu, futhi agcinwe KuZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra, udumo Feofanu Greku. Yena, ngu ukucabangela, kuyinto miniaturist "IVangeli Fyodor Cats." indodana yesihlanu Andrei Mares, ukhokho ngqo Romanovs, kwaba nomvikeli Feofana Greka. Le ncwadi ezihlotshiswe kahle. Hit splash yayo unamakhono futhi izinhlamvu zokuqala ngegolide.
Feofana Greka ungubani
Ngaphambi Theophanes abadwebi abaningi, nabantu bangesikhathi sakhe, ekwenzeni umsebenzi wayo ngokuyinhloko usekelwe emisebenzini yasemahhovisi phezu tracings (uhlaka usinamathelise esenziwe ngaphambili original). A brushwork khulula ngesiGreki amangala futhi bethatheka eziningi - "wavele owayebonakala emkhulu isandla isignesha kulotshiwe ukuthi:" - abantu bayazithanda Epiphany, sokubizwa ngokuthi "umyeni emangalisayo." Ngokuqinisekile wayenawo a evelele ubuntu wobuciko. Angazi usuku oluqondile kokufa ungungqondongqondo, kwezinye izindawo lize lithi wafa ngemva 1405. Ngo-1415, umlobi odumile we incwadi ngawe lesiGreki esikhatsini lesengcile. Ngakho, kwaba akasaphili. Futhi wangcwatshwa Theophane, futhi mhlawumbe endaweni ethile e Moscow. Konke lokhu kwamphatha kumbi khulu, futhi uthi nje ukuthi iRussia njalo ngabhekana nobunzima zikhathi ezinzima, lapho isitha wabhubhisa kakhulu inkumbulo kubantu yakhiwa yenkazimulo yalo.