Esikhathini Black Sea-hydrogen sulfide: izimbangela nemiphumela kubona ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu

Man kuyingxenye ebalulekile yobuntu. Kungaba evumayo, friendly kithi. Thina uphuze amanzi, ngiphefumula umoya, sithola nokushisa ukudla kusukela imvelo. Kuyinto umthombo wokuphila kwethu.

Kodwa iplanethi yethu asikwazi bakunike ngengcebo yabo kubantu, kodwa futhi abhubhise, usizi nokuswela. Ukuzamazama komhlaba, imililo, izikhukhula, izivunguvungu nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo sibulala abantu abaningi. Izinhlekelele zemvelo kungaba kuyi-hydrogen sulfide e oLwandle Olumnyama. Kulezi amanzi ke kakhulu.

Budebuduze ukuba uLwandle Olumnyama bangaba imbangela nhlekelele kubantu abaningi. Yiziphi zimo ezihlukene, futhi kanjani ukuba sizigweme, ukuthola ososayensi. umbono wabo ezithakazelisayo ukwazi zonke umhlali isizwe sethu kanye nezwe.

Uyini-hydrogen sulfide?

Ngaphandle engena amafomula chemical, cabanga ngalokho izakhiwo sulfide. Kuyinto igesi kungenambala, esibonakala by esitebeleni sulphur kwakwakhe ne-hydrogen. Libhujiswa kuphela emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-500 ° C.

Kuyinto anobuthi ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo. kuphela ezinye izinhlobo zama-bacterium ukuze usinde kule mvelo. Negesi liyaziwa iphunga layo nobuntu amaqanda, okuyizinto ebolile. Hhayi ukwethula yimiphi izimila nezilwane amanzi lapho ziyoncibilika-hydrogen sulfide. Amanzi yoLwandle Olumnyama aqukethe ke inqwaba. hydrogen sulphide zone nje umxhwele omkhulu.

It lavulwa ngo-1890 NI Andrusov. Nokho, ngalezo zinsuku ke ayikaziwa kahle ukuthi izinto eziningi liqukethe la manzi. Abacwaningi sehliselwe ekujuleni ezahlukene sufaka. I-hydrogen sulphide izinkomba amanzi ezithwalwa black sulfide ungqimba. Ngakho-ke, kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kolwandle lethiwa ngenxa yalesi sici amanzi alo.

Izici yoLwandle Olumnyama

Kwezinye abantu, nawu umbuzo: lapho sulfide hydrogen oLwandle Olumnyama? Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lena akuyona sici okukhethekile yale ndawo. Lokhu abacwaningi igesi thola ezilwandle eziningi kangaka kanye namachibi emhlabeni wonke. It aqoqana izingqimba zemvelo ngenxa yokushodelwa umoya emanzini ajulile.

izinsalela Organic, ocwilayo kuya phansi, musa oxidize futhi ukubola. Lokhu Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-gas anobuthi. Ngo oLwandle Olumnyama it is ziyoncibilika 90% mass amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo elivela kuzo ungqimba engalingani. Ngasogwini kuthathela at a 300 m ukujula, futhi phakathi nendawo itholakala ezingeni 100 m. Nokho, kwezinye izindawo Black Sea ungqimba amanzi ehlanzekile esingaphansi ngisho kwaleso.

Kukhona omunye umbono ngemvelaphi-hydrogen sulfide. Ezinye izazi zigomela ngokuthi kwakheka it is ngenxa yomsebenzi zomhlaba-mlilo, esebenza phansi. Kodwa abasekeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela begazi nakakhulu.

Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi kwabo amanzi

Ngo inqubo ukuxuba kwabo amanzi kusetshenzwe, lishintsha ifomu hydrogen yayo sulfide e oLwandle Olumnyama. Izizathu yena nokho buthelela, amazinga njengoba ezahlukene usawoti. I izendlalelo kakhulu kabi elixutshwe, njengoba ulwandle akanayo okuthunyelwe ngokwanele ukuba ulwandle.

ezimbili kuphela strait ewumngcingo lula inqubo amanzi exchange. Bosphorus uxhuma oLwandle Olumnyama ne Marmara kanye iDardanelles - iMedithera. Ukuvalwa kwesigubhu kuholela yokuthi oLwandle Olumnyama has a usawoti ka 16-18 ppm. uquqaba Oceanic zinezikhathi le nkomba ezingeni 34-38 ppm.

Marmara Sea izenzo njengenhlangano phakathi amasistimu ezimbili. ophelelwa amandla awo kuyinto 26 ppm. Amanzi engena Marmara kuya oLwandle Olumnyama futhi olubi phansi (njengoba kusinda). umehluko lokushisa, ukuminyana futhi usawoti izingqimba kuholela yokuthi uhlanganise kancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-hydrogen sulfide aqoqana uquqaba zemvelo.

ecocatastrophe

Hydrogen sulfide e Sea isibe isihloko ukunakwa ososayensi ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Isimo kwemvelo zimbi kakhulu kula mashumi eminyaka amuva. osenyameni ezinkulu sadlala imisuka ehlukahlukene kwabangela ukufa kwezinhlobo eziningi ulwelwe plankton. Baqala ukuba axazulule phansi ngokushesha. Futhi, ososayensi batholé ukuthi ngo-2003, yabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngo ikoloni ulwelwe abomvu. Lokhu flora ukhiqiza cubic metres mayelana 2 million. amamitha umoya-mpilo ngonyaka. Lokhu sebehlushwa ukukhula-hydrogen sulfide.

Manje esincintisana eyinhloko igesi enobuthi alikho. Ngakho-ke, kwemvelo othintekayo ngalesi simo wamanje. Inqobo nje uma engenzi kusongela ukulondeka kwethu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungazuzisa ibhamuza igesi kwamanzi.

Lapho ukuthinta sulfide-hydrogen ne air iqhume. Ebhubhisa yonke yokuphila e engaba kuqhuma. Akekho semvelo ayikwazi ukumelana umsebenzi womuntu. Lokhu kwenza ukuba yingozi ekulu.

Explosion olwandle

Emlandweni kukhona izigameko sidabuke, lapho amanzi umlilo ulwandle yavutha. Esehlakalweni sokuqala emlandweni senzeka ngo-1927 e-25 km kusuka Yalta. Ngalesi sikhathi umuzi wabhujiswa ngu ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla amaphuzu ayisishiyagalombili.

Kodwa khumbula kuyinto izakhamizi namanje abathintekayo futhi umlilo esibi lokhu kwathinta izikhala amanzi. ke Abantu babengazi ukuthi kungani iyovutha Black Sea. Hydrogen sulfide, ekuqhumeni okuyinto kwabangelwa umsebenzi zomhlaba, wafika ebusweni. Kodwa ezimweni ezinjalo kungase kwenzeke futhi.

Hydrogen sulfide, kokushiya ebusweni wadalula emoyeni. Lokhu kuholela ukuqhuma. Singabulala emadolobheni wonke.

Isici sokuqala kuqhuma kungenzeka

Ukuqhuma ukuthi bayothi bangabalandeli ukuphila kwezinkulungwane zabantu, izigidi zabantu futhi zonke izinto eziphilayo endaweni ethintekile, singenzeka nge awokuthi. Nasi isizathu. Esikhathini Black Sea-hydrogen sulfide akucutshungulwanga, ukuqongelela ukushuba banciphise amanzi ahlanzekile. Humanity libhekisela inkinga kokunganaki. Kunokuba usebenzise ubuchwepheshe ukubhekisiswa igesi enobuthi, senza hlangana amanzi angcolile. Inqubo zokuwohloka is zaba zimbi.

Telephone, uwoyela negesi amapayipi ukuwela uLwandle Olumnyama. Basuke ezilimele, umlilo zenzeka. Lokhu zingadala ukuqhuma. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka izinto ezenziwa abantu ababebhekwa njengabavikeli isici sokuqala kwaba nenhlekelele kungenzeka.

Imbangela yale ukuqhuma yesibili

Izinhlekelele zemvelo kungaba kuvuse ukuqhuma. umsebenzi Tectonic endaweni akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike. Hydrogen sulfide phansi yoLwandle Olumnyama kungenziwa zaphazanyiswa kwakubangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba noma nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. Ososayensi bathi uma namuhla yinhlekelele efanayo, ngo-September 1927, lapho kuqhuma sasiyoqina ngakho ukuthi kwakuyothatha babulala izimvubu eziningi abantu. Ngokulandelayo, emkhathini kwakuyodingeka owawudinga sulphur enyantisayo. Acid izimvula ziye ilethe umonakalo.

Isendlalelo ezondile ngamanzi acwebileyo isiba ezincane. wasondelana nabo ngokukhethekile kobuso sulfide hydrogen kufanelekile eningizimu-mpumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama. Lapho bededelana ngezinkulungwane zomhlaba amatshe kule ndawo kungaba thusa bhicongo. Kodwa kuze kube manje, ukuqhuma Kungenzeka kunoma iyiphi indawo.

Esesithathu isizathu nenhlekelele

Thinning ungqimba amanzi olwandle okumsulwa kungaholela bubble nokuguqulwa igesi enobuthi uphume wezangaphakathi. Indawo e Sea njengoba hydrogen sulfide futhi akumangalisi lokhu. Izinto eziyinhloko ukuwohloka kwemvelo ziye kubhekwe ngaphambili.

Ososayensi bathi uma zonke sulfide-hydrogen, uhlezi ezansi, ifike kwamanzi, ekuqhumeni kuyoba ufana umthelela netshe elisemkhathini nenkundla inyanga nesigamu. Lokhu kungaba inhlekelele yembulunga yonke ukuthi phakade kwashintsha umlando we-iplanethi yethu.

Kwezinye izindawo, igesi enobuthi oza ebusweni at ibanga 15 m. Ososayensi bathi kuleli zinga sulfide hydrogen ngokwayo ubalekela ngokuhamba neziphepho ekwindla. Kodwa lo mkhuba namanje elishaqisayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo, ngeshwa, kuphela siya siba sibi kakhulu. Ngezikhathi ezithile, ogwini izinzipho lenqwaba izinhlanzi efile, ibhajwe ifu sulphide hydrogen. Futhi befa plankton, ulwelwe. Lokhu isixwayiso esiqinile ukuze isintu owayenecala ngale nhlekelele esondelayo emkhathizwe.

izibhicongo ezifana

igesi enobuthi atholakala emizimbeni amanzi amaningi emhlabeni. Lokhu akuyona into eyingqayizivele, okuyinto libhekene phansi oLwandle Olumnyama. Hydrogen sulfide uye kakade amandla yayo ebulalayo kubantu. Kusukela umlando, ungathola ulwazi mayelana ngamashwa ezinjalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, eCameroon, e umzana lweLake Nyos wabulala kuso sonke isibalo sabantu ngenxa igesi ephakamisa kwamanzi. Abantu esabamba isifo, wathola ngesikhathi izimenywa kwalesi sigodi. Lokhu inhlekelele ufune ukuphila e 1986 1746 abantu.

Kusasele iminyaka eyisithupha izenzakalo Peru abadobi ukuya olwandle, wabuya ngaphandle nibambe. imikhumbi yabo imikhulu, abamnyama ngenxa ifilimu oxide. Abantu babelamba, njengoba nenani labantu elikhulu Izinhlanzi zafa.

Ngo-1983, ngezizathu ezingaziwa, amanzi yoLwandle Olufile iye mnyama. Kwakubonakala ukuthi waphenduka, hydrogen sulfide kusuka phansi rose kwamanzi. Uma inqubo lokhu kwenzeka woLwandle Olumnyama, bonke abahlala ezindaweni eziseduze ngabe washona ngo ukuqhuma noma okunoshevu ngu intuthu anobuthi.

I langempela isimo namuhla

Esikhathini Black Sea-hydrogen sulfide njalo okwenza ngokwayo wazizwa. Upwelling (inyuka ukugeleza) ukukhulisa amagesi kwamanzi. Ziyakwazi ezivamile eCrimea, eCaucasus izifunda. Eduze Odessa into engavamile ukuba ukufa mass izinhlanzi ezaziphekwe hit efwini hydrosulfide.

A kakhulu isimo esiyingozi lapho lezi kwekhabhoni zenzeka uma kuduma izulu. Umbani ushaye le enkulu, ingqondo umlilo. Iphunga amaqanda ebolile, ukuthi abantu bazizwe, eyabonisa kokweqa lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe of ezinobuthi emoyeni.

Lokhu kungaholela poisoning ngisho nokufa. Ngakho-ke, nokuwohloka kwemvelo kumele lithathwe yithi. Kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ukunciphisa lokuhlushwa hydrogen sulfide emanzini Black Sea.

Izindlela ukuxazulula inkinga

Ochwepheshe basungula izindlela eziningana ukuze ususe sulfide hydrogen oLwandle Olumnyama. Iqembu Kherson inikeza ososayensi zisebenzisa igesi uphethiloli. Ngenxa yale njongo ipayipi is sehliselwe endaweni ukujula, futhi uma amanzi kuvuselwa ebusweni. Kuzoba kufana nokuvula ibhodlela champagne. Amanzi olwandle anezinga elingaguquguquki ixubene igesi kuyobilisa. Kusukela kulokhu kusakazwa ayabuya-hydrogen sulfide ne-isetshenziselwe ukuthengisa. Phakathi omlilo igesi likhipha esiningi ukushisa.

Omunye futhi umqondo uwukuthi ukuze afeze aeration. Ngenxa yalesi ipayipi ezijulile Inweba injected amanzi ahlanzekile. It has a kwabantu aphansi futhi uzokhuthaza kuhlangana izingqimba zasolwandle. Le ndlela iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo e okugcinwa. Uma usebenzisa amanzi emithonjeni zwe emizini yabazalwane ngezinye izikhathi kudingeka ukuhlanza ke kusukela sulfide-hydrogen. Kulokhu futhi ngempumelelo isicelo aeration.

Yeka indlela ukukhetha akubalulekile kangako. Into esemqoka - ukuze isebenze ikhambi izinkinga zemvelo. Esikhathini Black Sea-hydrogen sulfide ingasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze isintu. Ziba ezivukayo akukwazi inkinga. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi ezinqumweni zawo kungaba isenzo enengqondo kakhulu. Uma ungathathi izinyathelo okwamanje, inhlekelele enkulu kungenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okusemandleni ethu ukuze uvimbele futhi ukuze bakwazi ukuzivikela futhi nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso ekubhujisweni.