Detrital clastic rocks: incazelo, izinhlobo kanye ngezigaba

ekuqongeleleni Terrigenous kukhona amatshe okuyinto akhiwa ngenxa doti ezihambayo nokusatshalaliswa - mechanical particulate namaminerali ukwa ngesikhathi isenzo njalo umoya, amanzi, iqhwa, amagagasi ulwandle. Ngamanye amazwi, imikhiqizo yokubola amabanga pre-ekhona ntaba, engasempumalanga ngenxa ukubhujiswa zabhekana izici amakhemikhali futhi mechanical, bese kanye echibini elifanayo, yaphenduka kwedwala. Terigennye rocks akhawunti-20% azo zonke accumulations sedimentary phansi, indawo okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ezihlukahlukene futhi ifinyelela abafika kwabangu-10 km ye ungqimba lomhlaba ukujula. Ngakho izinhlobo ezahlukene ukujula indawo kuyisici ekunqumeni isakhiwo sabo.

Weathering njengoba isinyathelo ukwakha emadwaleni clastic

Isinyathelo sokuqala nesibalulekile enkulu Ukwakheka rocks clastic ekubhujisweni. Ngakho kukhona impahla sedimentary, okuholela ukwa ebusweni uyembulile kwi rocks magmatic Lokudabuka sedimentary futhi metamorphic. izintaba Okokuqala babhekana ithonya mechanical, ezifana ngokuhlaziya, ebhidliza. Okulandelayo inqubo yamakhemikhali (ukuguqulwa), ngenxa okuyinto rocks ukuhambisa kwezinye izifundazwe.

I weathering izinto zihlukaniswa ukubunjwa and move. Isibhakabhaka eshiya sulphur, aluminium nensimbi - in iinsombululo and colloids, i-calcium, i-sodium ne-potassium - izixazululo, kodwa Silica olumelana nokonakala, ngakho njengoba asebenza ngebhethri iba doti athutha lidluliselwe futhi amanzi.

Isinyathelo ukwakha ezokuthutha kwamadwala clastic

Isigaba sesibili lapho kwakhiwa clastic rocks sedimentary, kuyinto ukuze uthumele ezakhiwe weathering ezithathekayo umoya sedimentary impahla, amanzi noma izinguzunga zeqhwa. I Transporter main izinhlayiya amanzi. Ukudla amandla elanga, uketshezi iyasha ngenkathi ezihambayo emkhathini, futhi uwela ewuketshezi noma okuqinile ephumela ezweni, ukwakha umfula ukuthi baphathe izinto ezifundeni ezehlukene (ziyoncibilika, colloidal noma okuqinile).

Inombolo nesisindo izingcezwana zithutha kuncike amandla, velocity ivolumu agelezayo. Ukusakaza Ngakho okusheshayo zithutha isihlabathi, amatshe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amatshe, ndaba okwesikhashana, esikhundleni salokho, idluliselwe izinhlayiya zobumba. Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-, emifuleni entabeni futhi mudflow ezinkulu ngobuningi ithuthwe, ubukhulu izinhlayiya enjalo ifinyelela 10 cm.

Sedimentogenesis - isinyathelo sesithathu

Sedimentogenesis - ukunqwabelana zokwakheka zithutha sedimentary, lapho izinhlayiya adluliselwe kudlule isimo ezithathekayo static. Kulokhu zamakhemikhali kwamangqamuzana mechanical ndaba. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlayiya lokuqala abahlukene, adluliselwe ku izixazululo noma colloids echibini, kuye izisusi ekunciphiseni imvelo oxidative futhi izinguquko usawoti ezizungeze. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlukana mechanical doti kwamangqamuzana kwenzeka ngesisindo, ngisho ubukhulu kanye nendlela yabo isivinini zokuthutha. izinhlayiya Ngakho idluliselwe kuthiwa imali efanayo ecacile, ngokuvumelana nokuklanywa salo lonke phansi echibini. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, amadwala, amatshe atholakala imali ku imilomo emifuleni entabeni, nasemathafeni ngebhange uhlala amatshe sogu lolwandle - isihlabathi (njengoba it has ingxenyenamba esihle futhi ikhono angahamba amabanga amade, futhi endaweni ayebusa kunangendlela amatshe) kwelula kulandela daka esihle, ubumba ngokuvamile ukugqashuka.

Isigaba sesine kumiswa - diagenesis

Isigaba sesine Ukwakheka kwezitho rocks clastic isinyathelo, ngokuthi diagenesis, okuyinto ngokuningiliziwe ukuguquka kwabantu kwezulu zanqwabelana itshe kanzima. Imali kwi phansi impahla pool ngaphambilini ithuthwe, Uqinisa noma umane uvule yangena emadwaleni. Ngokulandelayo, inzika ukuqongelela e yezingxenye zemvelo ezihlukahlukene akha zokuxhumana amakhemikhali futhi ngamandla engazinzile nonequilibrium, ngakho izingxenye baqala ukusabela nomunye. izinhlayiya Nechobozekile Silicon esitebeleni oxide nazo zanqwabelana sludge oludlula ku feldspar, kusheshisa organic nobumba esihle esakha ukwehliswa, nakho, a ka 2-3 cm ukujula, uyakwazi ukushintsha oxidative ebusweni ophansi.

Isigaba sokugcina: ukuvela rocks clastic

Ukuze diagenesis kufanele katagenesis - inqubo kwakhiwa lapho kukhona amatshe metamorphic. Ngenxa yalokho, i-itshe okwandisa sedimentation asitholayo isigaba kwathatha lokushisa eliphakeme futhi ingcindezi. Yesikhathi eside nemiphumela okushisa lwesigaba enjalo nezingcindezi kunomthelela ukuqhubekisela phambili futhi lokugcina ukwakheka rocks okungase kuhlale ovela kweshumi iminyaka kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane.

Kulesi sigaba, isimo lokushisa 200 degrees Celsius lokwabiwa kabusha amaminerali kanye kumiswa mass izinto ezintsha amaminerali. Ngakho kukhona amatshe clastic, izibonelo okuyizinto zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.

rocks carbonate

I exhunyiwe clastic kanye carbonate yamadwala, na? Impendulo ilula. Ukwakheka carbonate ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa clastic (fragmental nobumba) afanayo. Basic carbonate namaminerali yamadwala sedimentary kukhona dolomite futhi calcite. Zingase zibe eceleni noma ndawonye, futhi isilinganiso yabo ihlukile njalo. Konke kuncike isikhathi indlela kumiswa inhlabathi carbonate. Uma terrigene ungqimba edwaleni mkhulu kuka-50%, akuyona carbonate, futhi sihlobana ezifana amatshe clastic njengoba silts, lokubolekwa, lokudla olwenziwe noma Sands, isb clastic afanayo doped nge carbonates, inani lemikhaya okuyinto kuze 5%.

Ukwahlukanisa amatshe clastic e-degree of roundness

rocks Clastic, ngezigaba kusekelwe izimfanelo eziningana, echazwa roundness, ubungako kanye cementation imvuthuluka. Thina siqale degree of ukuqoqa. It has a kwencika ngqo ku nobulukhuni, ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana kanye nohlobo ezokuthutha edwaleni kumiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlayiya kuchubekele olwandle olugubhayo, kanye ayalolongwa cishe abanalo imiphetho ebukhali. Breed, okuyinto wadalwa eyisidalwa okuxekethile, waqinisa ngokuphelele. Lolu hlobo itshe kunqunywa Ukwakheka usimende, kungase kube udaka, itshe eliyigugu, yezindlala, carbonate.

Izinhlobonhlobo rocks clastic doti ngobukhulu

Futhi amatshe clastic kunqunywa ubukhulu doti. Kuye ngobukhulu babo izinhlobo zihlukaniswe amaqembu amane. Iqembu lokuqala ukwabela izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, ogama usayizi mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 1 mm. rocks enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi ama ezinkulu-fragmental. Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, usayizi elisezweni basukela 1 mm kuya 0.1 mm. Lokhu amadwala anesihlabathi. Iqembu lesithathu lihlanganisa izingcezwana anobukhulu kusuka 0.1 kuya 0.01 mm. Leli qembu wabizwa ngokuthi rocks silty. I last iqembu lesine ichaza rocks argillaceous, usayizi doti kuyizinhlayiyana kuhluka 0.01 ukuze 0,001 mm.

Ukwahlukanisa clastic idwala isakhiwo

Enye kusigaba umehluko isakhiwo ungqimba clastic, esiza ukucacisa uhlobo edwaleni kumiswa. ukuthungwa Egqinsiwe ephawula kwalokho izingqimba enye edwaleni. Zakhiwa phansi futhi phezulu. Kuye ohlotsheni Bokuhlela kungenziwa kunqunywa imvelo lapho kwasungulwa khona idwala. Ngokwesibonelo, izimo zasolwandle ugu yakha Bokuhlela idayagonali, ulwandle kanye echibini akha zohlobo ne zokulala okufanayo, amanzi notshwala - cross-zokulala.

Imibandela ngaphansi lapho clastics kwakhiwa, kungacacisa ukuthi izici ungqimba ebusweni, isb khona izimpawu yezwakala, amaconsi emvula, ukuqhekeka noma ukuncipha, isibonelo, izinhlamvu kolwandle. I ukungena nakwamanye amazwe isakhiwo setshe kusikisela ukuthi lowo doti kwakhiwa ngenxa volcanogenic, terrigenous, biogenic noma supergene imiphumela. isakhiwo Massive kungenziwa kunqunywa nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene imvelaphi.

Ngohlobo Lomuntu Okufanele Ube idwala Ukwakheka

rocks Clastic zihlukaniswe polymictic noma polymineral futhi monomictic noma monomineral. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka, esikhundleni salokho, kunqunywa ukubunjwa amaminerali eziningana, kodwa bebizwa okuxubile. omunye Okwesibili inquma yokwakheka amaminerali (asebenza ngebhethri feldspar noma zinhlobo). Ngu zinhlobo polymictic zihlanganisa grauvaki (bahlanganisa zesandulela umlotha wentaba-mlilo) kanye arkose (izinhlayiya ezakhiwe ukubhujiswa egwadle). Ukwakheka clastic rocks kuchazwe izigaba kumiswa yabo. Ngokusho esigabeni ngasinye, ukwakha isabelo sayo izinto ngokulingana. Clastic sedimentary amatshe lapho libanjwa ukukutjela, ngasiphi isikhathi, ngaziphi izindlela kukhona ndaba ezihambayo emkhathini, ukusivuza kwabo ukuba bafike basakaza phansi echibini, lapho izinto eziphilayo futhi ngasiphi isigaba abaye bahlanganyela ukwakheka, kanye izimo lapho kwakhiwa rocks clastic .