Silica

Ukuze adi- nge isethi yemiphumela 14, ungaphakathi lwezakhi iqembu IV esikhathini 3 no-III chungechunge, zingase zimiswe ka oxides ezimbili Silicon, kwala maphuzu amabili Si futhi O:

• Silicon monoxide, lapho Si kuyinto divalent, ke okisda ifomula amakhemikhali angase imelelwa Sio;
• Silica - yilona eliphezulu ukuwedlula wonke Silicon oxide lapho Si kuyinto tetravalent, ifomula ayo chemical kulotshiwe njengoba SiO2.

Silicon (IV) oxide ngokubukeka kuyinto zinhlayiya esobala. I kwabantu SiO2 kulingana 2.648 g / cm³. Ingqikithi liyancibilika lokushisa kusuka 1600 kuya 1725 ° C, amathumba at 2230 ° C.

SiO2 Silicon oxide yayaziwa ubulukhuni bayo namandla kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, okuvame kakhulu imvelo njengoba isihlabathi noma asebenza ngebhethri, kanye izindonga cell diatoms. Ingqikithi has polymorphs eziningi, ngokuvamile atholakala amafomu amabili:

• Crystal - engokwemvelo amaminerali asebenza ngebhethri nezinhlobonhlobo yayo (chalcedony, idwala crystal, ijaspi, ne-agathe, insengetsha); Quartz siyisisekelo asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi, kuba ebalulekile izinto zokwakha kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa for umkhakha silicate;
• amorphous kwenzeka njengoba mineral yemvelo Opal isakhiwo okungase esachazwa ifomula SiO2 • nH2O; amafomu engowenhlabathi ka SiO2 amorphous kukhona Tripoli (ufulawa idwala, umhlaba diatomaceous) noma emhlabeni diatomaceous; zokwenziwa amorphous Silica anhydrous - kuyinto Silica elenziwe sodium metasilicate.

Silicon oxide SiO2 kuyinto oxide ene-asidi. Lokhu isici inquma yawo yamakhemikhali izakhiwo.

Fluorine ihlangana Silicon dioxide: SiO2 + 4F → SiF4 + O2 ukwakha kungekho nto enemibala emihle Silicon tetrafluoride igesi nomoya-mpilo, kanti enye amagesi (halogens Cl2, Br2, I2) isabele kancane esebenzayo.

Silicon oxide IV wasithukuthelela hydrofluoric acid ukuthola fluorosilicic acid: SiO2 + 6HF → H2SiF6 + 2H2O . Le mpahla isetshenziswa embonini Semiconductor.

Silicon (IV) oxide ziyoncibilika ku oncibilikisiwe noma kushisa bagxila alikhali ukwakha silicate sodium: 2NaOH + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + H2O.

Silicon dioxide ixubana eziyisisekelo metal oxides (isib oxides sodium, potassium, phambili (II), noma inhlanganisela zinc oxide ukuthi kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ingilazi). Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabela sodium oxide ne SiO2, ngenxa yalokho zingase zimiswe zazo: sodium orthosilicate 2Na2O + SiO2 → Na4SiO4, sodium silicate Na2O + SiO2 → Na2SiO3, futhi ingilazi Na2O + 6SiO2 + XO → Na2O: XO: 6SiO2. Izibonelo ingilazi enjalo izinto ezinenzuzo kwezohwebo, kukhona soda-lime ingilazi, borosilicate ingilazi, ingilazi leaded.

Silicon dioxide ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu, is asabela ngayo ne-silicon, kuphumele monoxide gaseous: Si + SiO2 → 2SiO ↑.

Ngokuvamile, Silica SiO2 isetshenziswa ukwenziwa Silicon zokucathula. Inqubo nokuxhumana zokucathula carbon ukuqhutshwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu esithandweni kagesi: 2C + SiO2 → Si + 2CO. Kuyinto amandla ngempela olunzulu. Nokho, umkhiqizo wawo isetshenziswa ubuciko Semiconductor for yokukhiqiza nama-solar (amandla okukhanya iguqulwe ibe ugesi). Futhi Si okumsulwa isetshenziswa embonini steel (ekukhiqizeni ukushisa ukumelana ne-silicon acid nemithi steel). etholwe Ngakho Silicon zokucathula iyadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe okumsulwa Silicon dioxide, okuyinto ebaluleke for eziningi izimboni. SiO2 Yemvelo isetshenziswa ngendlela isihlabathi kulezo izimboni angadingi ebumsulweni nasebunyeni okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Inhalation fake oluyimpuphu crystalline SiO2 uthuli, ngisho izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu (kufika ku 0.1 mg / m³), nge ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula silicosis noma umdlavuza ingaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uthuli lungashintsha lube yingozi uma lingena emaphashini, njalo ecasulayo kubo, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise umsebenzi wabo. Kubantu, i-nitrous Silicon ngesimo izinhlayiya crystalline akuyona ziyoncibilika ngaphakathi emtholampilo olufanele ngezikhathi. Lo mphumela kungadala ingozi izifo emsebenzini abantu ukusebenza imishini sandblasting noma imikhiqizo equkethe Silica crystalline powder. Izingane, asthmatics babo bonke ubudala abanemizimba engezwani, kanye nabantu abadala bangaba iyagula ngokushesha.