Control emisebeni namakhemikhali: Izidingo jikelele kanye neziphakamiso insimbi wokulinganisa

Umsebenzi wamabhizinisi zezimboni kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isimo futhi izakhamuzi. Nokho, okungezona ukuhambisana nezidingo zokuphepha kuphakama usongo ekuphileni futhi impilo yabantu. Lokhu kungaba ngemisebe noma umonakalo zamakhemikhali. izimo ezinjalo zidinga isinyathelo ngokushesha - ukuqeda lesi sifo kwabanye.

Ingozi emisebeni namakhemikhali kwekhabhoni

Nge ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi, izingozi at enuzi izitshalo amandla nezinye kugucuka yenuzi egqanyisiwe izinhlayiya eziningi enemisebe. Lawa izinto okuyizinto nuclei-athomu iba yingxenye yomhlabathi futhi ingakwazi bendlulela i-nucleus ye-athomu omoya-yezinye izakhi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa ionizing emisebeni.

imihlola efanayo okunobuthi endaweni, abantu nempahla. Ngokwemvelo, ionizing emisebeni kuyinto kagesi, kanye ezihambayo ekusakazeni okusheshayo izinhlayiya. Lokhu amangqamuzana emzimbeni esibangela ukugula ngemisebe. Lapho eba sesimeni sokunganakwa kufika ukufa. Ukuze wenze ucwaningo ngalolu daba sisetshenziswa ukulawula emisebeni laboratory, ukufinyelela ezithinta Ochwepheshe kuphela.

izici

Emkhathini anezici ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• ionizing;
• ifinyelela inhliziyo ikhono.

Ngaphezu i emisebeni ionizing ngoba abantu nemvelo esiyingozi izinhlayiya anobuthi isehlane usebenzisa nezikhali zamakhemikhali, kanye ezinobuthi kakhulu. imihlola Okufanayo kwenzeka engozini embonini ethile.

ukunqotshwa Human kwenzeka ukungenisa ushevu izinhlayiya emzimbeni, isib, ngokuthintana enhlabathini enobuthi noma izinto ezisetshenziswa ukudla kuyingozi, amanzi, umoya ephefumula. Ukuvikela esidlangalaleni izenzakalo ezinjalo wenziwa ngemisebe amakhemikhali. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba sigweme izingozi futhi ezimisele ukuvikela abantu ukuba imiphumela emibi.

izidingo jikelele

Control emisebeni namakhemikhali kufanele kwenziwe:

• amabhizinisi kanye nezikhungo ale Nhlangano isimo "Rosatom";
• izinhlangano, kuncike "Rosatom";
• emikhakheni bezokwelapha kwezikhungo;
• ezinhlanganweni, udala izindlela lokulawula dosimetric.

imihlahlandlela ezivamile livikeleke SanPiNs futhi izivakashi, okuyinto lelipelwe imithetho wokusebenza ukungenwa kwazo zamakhemikhali enemisebe.

inhlolovo emisebeni amathuluzi

Yiziphi imishini emisebeni esetshenziswa? Ngenxa yale njongo emisebeni ukuthola imishini eyenza ezingeni emisebeni nesilinganiso, ngokwezinga ukutheleleka, ekuboneni Ukweqiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, divayisi isetshenziselwa kokubili abantu kanye sokudla, amanzi, ezokuthutha kanye nezinye izinto. ukuqapha Kushisa bhé kule ndawo yenziwa futhi ingozi yokutheleleka.

Of imishini sihlukene phakathi ngokusho isicelo:

• ngoba inhlolovo emisebeni: Izinkomba of radioactivity futhi roentgenometer;
• ukuqapha ezingeni ukungcoliswa: radiometers;
• ukulawula ukuchayeka: dosimeters.

ithuluzi ngamunye ezidingekayo zokuvikela labantu kanye endaweni ingozi. Izenzo ezifana inhlolovo ngemisebe zokuqapha, ukuvumela ukuze silondoloze indinganiso evamile nawo ezingeni lekuphila.

izinhlobo ngemisebe

Alpha emisebeni umelwe umfudlana helium nuclei ama-athomu ekujuleni umsebenzi okuyinto ezingeni eliphansi. Lezi zinhlayiya agcinwayo izingubo ezivamile, izembatho zokuzivikela. Izinto ziba yingozi nge Ukungena ku umzimba, okuholela ngemisebe yangaphakathi.

emisebeni Beta kwavela khona inhlansi electron okusheshayo ezivezwa ekonakaleni izinhlayiya enemisebe. Nakuba ionizing amandla amancane, kodwa okusezingeni eliphezulu Ukungena umsebenzi. Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi umkhiqizo zivikela ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni enjalo, ngakho-ke kudingeka yokukhosela engcono.

Gamma emisebeni has imvelaphi intranuclear. Ukhuthaza nge ngejubane lokukhanya. Ekukhanyeni okusezingeni eliphezulu Ukungena ikhono, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ageleze ngisho ngokusebenzisa izinto obukhulu. Kusukela ezinhlayiyeni ionize amaseli eziphilayo yaso, siba yingozi kubantu. Njengoba Ukuvikelwa isicelo abafuna fallout zokukhosela, emagumbini angaphansi kwezakhiwo zewayini.

Izindlela ukuze kutholwe emisebeni

Ukuze sithole emisebeni amathekhiniki alandelako:

• Luhilela yokukala enezithombe emulsion ungqimba blackening emisebeni enemisebe;
• chemical esekelwe kulungiselelwa ushintsho umbala chemical zinhlobo bedle ngemisebe;
• scintillation kuhilela ukuthola izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya;
• Ionization kusekelwe yokuthi emisebeni waphawula igesi ionization.

Control emisebeni ivumela ukumambula ezingeni ukutheleleka kanye ukuvimbela okuvela kuyo nemiphumela emibi abantu, izilwane kanye nemvelo.

Instruments zamakhemikhali kwesimo endaweni

Icacisa ezingeni ukungcoliswa nge air izinhlayiya anobuthi, isimo sezwe, ezokuthutha, izingubo, amanzi ukusebenzisa amadivaysi chemical ukuthola. Kungenzeka futhi izindlela izibonelo zalokho, okuyinto zidluliselwa laboratory ukuze ukuhlaziywa.

Kudivayisi ihlangana ezinobuthi, futhi izinga Lesifo kunqunywa umbala ushintsho inkomba. Ngesisekelo Imininingwane esaboniswa amadivaysi ezinjalo, esunguliwe lokuhlushwa izinhlayiya eziyingozi emoyeni. Imishini zihlanganisa:

• ithuluzi lempi chemical kwesimo endaweni;
• kudivayisi ukuthola amakhemikhali;
• Semi-chemical ukuthola insimbi;
• othomathikhi igesi umtshina.

Zonke izinhlobo imishini abe isimiso esifanayo. Ngamunye wabo ikuvumela ukuba kutholakale umsuka wendaba yesihluku ukusilaphazeka.

izincomo

Kukhona imithetho ukusebenza ngendlela efanele ezimweni eziyingozi:

• uma ithola ingozi ye-alamu;
• ku Ukuvikelwa ukulungela;
• ezindaweni lapho itheleleke aqokwa abantu abaphethe;
• uma kunesidingo, esiphuthumayo ihlelwe tesive
• ukubuya kwabantu kungenzeka kuphela endaweni ephephile.

Ngenxa okwashiwo ehluleka ukuvimbela ingozi. Isibhakabhaka njalo ukuqapha service sezulu ezingaba ngesikhathi ukuxwayisa i izenzakalo esizohlasela ezingezinhle. Ngakho-ke kuyinto kokulawulwa ngemisebe, okuvumela ukuba ugweme ingozi ngoba abantu kubaluleke kakhulu.