Amazwe Democratic. intando yeningi Okugcwele. Usezingeni amazwe ngokuya intando yeningi

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa zanoma yiliphi izwe, zikhona izibonelo zabantu owalwela inkululeko yabantu, nokulingana ngaphambi komthetho kanye nesiko uhulumeni. ukuze Democratic elisungulwe emazweni ahlukahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene. On kwencazelo intando yeningi sokuzindla eziningana ososayensi nabacwaningi.

Bebuka eside futhi kusukela iphuzu zezombusazwe umbono, futhi kusukela zefilosofi. Futhi kunganikeza incazelo enokwehla ezihlukahlukene imikhuba. Noma kunjalo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela akuyona njalo inikezwe off. Ngokuvamile, ukwakheka nomqondo ethintekile umkhuba State. Ngenxa wakhe, ungafaka bese udala zokulawula imodeli uhlelo lwentando yeningi. Namuhla e wezifundo zezombusazwe kunzima ukuthola omunye definition eyodwa umqondo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba sazi ukuthi nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi wahlala kumephu jikelele, esibhekana ngayo imigomo jikelele.

amandla abantu

Democracy - a term lesiGreki ngokwezwi nezwi esichazwa ngokuthi "abantu amandla." Ngo wezifundo zezombusazwe, lo mqondo limelela imodi esebenza njengesisekelo collective izinqumo. Ngesikhathi umphumela efanayo elungwini ngalinye zilingane.

Ngomqondo onabile, le ndlela isebenza ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano kanye nezakhiwo. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu sokusebenza kwawo namuhla amandla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isimo has a lot of amandla, futhi ngakho ukuhlela ke futhi sibhekane kunzima.

Ngakho, emazweni yeningi kulesi sici kufanele kuhambisane izici ezilandelayo:

• Ukwenza umsebenzi we-abantu abathembekile, futhi ukhetho esiyisibopho umholi wabo.
• iwumthombo oyiqiniso amandla - abantu.
• umphakathi kuMasipala senzeka ukuze wanelise izithakazelo nokumiswa okuhle ovamile yezwe.

Lelo nalelo lungu umphakathi has imithetho yayo siqu, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke. Ukuze intando yeningi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa i-ububanzi bamanani, okuyinto "litmus test" ngoba ucwaningo zezombusazwe:

• Ukulingana, kokubili zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.
• Freedom.
• umthetho;
• kwamalungelo wobuntu.
• Ilungelo lokuzibusa, nabanye.

ukungalungi

Kusuka lapha futhi aqale ngendlela efanele. I enhle ngentando yeningi wukuthi nzima ukufeza, ngakho ukuchazwa kwemfundiso "intando yeningi" ihlukile. Kakade kusukela ngekhulu le-18 kwakukhona izinhlobo, noma ngaphezulu ngokunembile, imodeli eziphikisana nohulumeni. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubhekwa intando yeningi ngqo. Le modeli kuhilela izinqumo bahlali ngezithukuthuku ukuvumelana noma iningi umthetho.

Eduze, ungacacisa futhi intando yeningi ummeleli. Lolu hlobo kuhilela isinqumo ngabantu ngokusebenzisa namasekela abo nokuthi likhethwa noma nabanye abantu esezikhundleni ezithile. Kulokhu, la abantu sikhethe esekelwe umbono zalabo abathembela kuzo, bese obhekene umphumela phambi kwabo.

Phakathi naleso abantu belwa?

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi umbuso wezepolitiki, intando yeningi, siveza ukuthi ubeke umkhawulo nangobudlova nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Lokhu bekulokhu kunzima ukufeza, ikakhulukazi kulawo mazwe lapho kwenkululeko civil kanye naletinye tindlela tekuphila awaboniwe nguhulumeni futhi basala ukuzilwela sezombangazwe.

Manje welithi "intando yeningi" has ezimbili izinhlangothi uhlamvu lwemali. Democracy manje baba ukubizwa ukulawula ovulekile. Nge lolu hlobo intando yeningi, kanye nokwethembeka ukhetho gqwa, kukhona umthetho, kwesigaba nokulinganiselwa amandla esungulwe nguMtsetfosisekelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, osomnotho abaningi futhi abahlaziyi bezombusazwe bakholelwa ukuthi ukuqaphela ilungelo izinqumo, ahlobene Inqubomgomo-, kanye nomthelela abantu ohlelweni isimo, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kumiswa amalungelo ezenhlalo, ezingeni eliphansi ukungalingani ezicini izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, kanye nokulingana ithuba.

esisongela

amazwe Democratic njalo besengozini kombuso kobushiqela. Inkinga esiyinhloko okuyinkambiso kahulumeni uhlale separatism, ubuphekula nokukhula ekungalinganini emphakathini ukufuduka. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi emhlabeni kukhona izinhlangano eziningi ukuthi ivikele nenkululeko futhi amalungelo ezakhamizi, indaba akuyona ngaphandle ezimweni lapho ezingxabanweni zezombusazwe impikiswano abangu sokucasuka.

Isimo samanje ezindabeni

Ngaphambi sibheka izwe kakhulu yeningi emhlabeni, kufanele sibheke isithombe mazombe seragelo isimo samanje. Naphezu kokuhlukahluka kohulumeni ethandwa, namuhla inani Democrats amazwe kunazo zonke emlandweni. Abangaphezu kwesigamu sabantu emhlabeni kungaba iqhaza okhethweni. Nokho, ngisho umbuso ezifana wobushiqela, kalula khona egameni abantu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kulawo mazwe ukuthi usebenze ngaphansi kombuso wentando yeningi, wanika ilungelo lokuvota cishe konke abantu abadala. Kodwa kamuva, ebhekene nenkinga yokuthi isithakazelo ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe banyukubala ngokucijile. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States iqhaza okhethweni kuthatha 30-40% wesibalo sabantu.

Kunezizathu eziningana. Ukuze ukuqonde ngokwengeziwe nezombangazwe zaleli zwe, kudingeka Thenga kakhulu ukubekezela hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi isikhathi ukuthutha. Ezinye izakhamuzi bakholelwa ukuthi osopolitiki akhokhe isikhathi esengeziwe emncintiswaneni zezombusazwe kanye nezinzuzo zazo siqu. Abanye ungayiboni umehluko phakathi kwezinhlangano engqubuzanayo. Noma kunjalo, isimo samanje kuholela yokuthi waphinda savuka isithakazelo ngesimo intando yeningi ngqo.

analytics

Ososayensi abaningi bezombangazwe baye basebenza kanzima ukuze wenze zonke izizwe emhlabeni ithole nenchazelo. AmaNgisi ucwaningo centre ibalwa amasu, okungase ukucacisa isilinganiso lamazwe ngokuya intando yeningi. Manje usungakwazi uhlukanise amazwe 167. Ngamunye wabo Inkomba yayo yelinyenti.

Namuhla kunzima ukusho indlela inhloso angabhekwa ukukhethwa uthi lesi simiso. Sekukonke zikhona 5 izigaba kanye nezinkomba 12. inkomba lasetshenziswa kuqala ngo-2006. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakukhona izichibiyelo eziningana ezihlobene izinguquko esithombeni sezwe sezombangazwe. Futhi ngisho engu-10 kamuva, akwaziwa ngubani ingxenye Commission: mhlawumbe kuba abasebenzi besikhungo ucwaningo, futhi kungaba ososayensi ezimele.

isimiso

Ngakho, ukuze lilinganise isimo ngezigaba ezine, kubalulekile ukuba uhlole lizinga intando yeningi kuleliya lizwe. Kudingeka nokuba uhlole isibuyekezo kontanga futhi imiphumela umbono weningi poll. Izwe ngalinye libhekene izinkomba 60, okuyinto zihlelwe zaba izigaba eziningana:

1. inqubo Electoral bunyenti.
2. umsebenzi kaHulumeni.
3. Ukubamba iqhaza izakhamuzi kwinqubomgomo yezwe.
4. lepolitiki.
5. kwenkululeko Civil.

isigaba

Kungaba zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana ngesisekelo lizwe. Eyokuqala - entsandvweni yelinyenti. Abantu abaningi basakholelwa ukuthi lokhu umbuso ongenakuwufinyelela ekahle theory. Noma kunjalo, okwamanje kulesi sigaba ifakiwe emazweni 26 - kuba 12% abantu sebebonke. Kukholakala ukuthi cishe ingxenye yabo bonke emazweni akunakubangelwa lolu hlobo, kodwa uchwepheshe umbono ihlukile kancane. 51 umbuso basonta esigabeni "yokuntuleka sokubusa ngentando yeningi".

Isigaba sesithathu ubhekwa imodi hybrid, okuyinto a Symbiosis yelinyenti kanye authoritarianism. Ezweni kukhona 39 uthi lolu hlobo. Labo abasele abanga-emazweni angu-52 namanje alondoloze umbuso kobushiqela. Phela, lo mkhakha wesine ingase ihlanganise ingxenye yesithathu yezakhamuzi zakulesi emhlabeni - abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane 2.5.

Umsuka wokuqala

I last indexation aziwayo kwenziwa ngo-2014. 25 kuphela amazwe akunakubangelwa Ngokwentando yeningi agcwele. Phakathi kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso kuhlanganisa Iceland, New Zealand, eDenmark, eSweden, Norway, Finland, Canada, Netherlands, eSwitzerland nase-Australia.

Umholi iminyaka eminingi ilandelana ubhekwa Norway. Leli zwe elibuswa inkosi ngokomthethosisekelo wathola Inkomba 9,93. Lena ezweni eNyakatho Yurophu usesikhundleni ingxenye Peninsula zaseScandinavia. Manje, iNkosi ka-Norway uHarald V. kuyinto inarha ebumbeneko esekelwe isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi ePhalamende.

Kwazalelwa Pippi Longstocking

Indawo yesibili kuhlala Sweden (9.73). Lesi simo kuyinto eduze Norway. Futhi itholakala eNhlonhlweni zaseScandinavia. Amandla elawula Carl XVI Gustaf. Leli fomu futhi isekelwe esimisweni wokubusa ngentando yeningi labantu ephalamende ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana esinoBukhosi eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo.

izwe elincane

indawo yesithathu nge Inkomba 9,58 kuthatha Iceland. Map kulelizwe ingatholakala eduze Europe. Bakulezi ziqhingi. UMongameli Gvyudni Jóhannesson, ngubani yathatha izintambo ngo-June kulonyaka. He is an ilungu elizimele. Kuyinto nje lidume ngokuthunga yokuthi kukhona degree - UProfesa Umlando. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Iceland Libalave kancane obonakalayo, leli lizwe kuphela abaholi top ezintathu nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi, kodwa futhi idume nezinye kumarekhodi awo. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke-mlilo.

Ezandleni ephephile

New Zealand wathatha indawo wesine (9.26). Lesi simo itholakala Polynesia, eningizimu-entshonalanga yePacific Ocean. Njengoba izimo eNorway, lapho owandile amakhosi ohlanga zomthethosisekelo kanye nentando yeningi ePhalamende. Izwe libuswa abadumile uQueen Elizabeth II. By endleleni, ngaphandle iqiniso ukuthi uyinhloko WeBrithani Yezizwe ngokushesha UK, liphinde indlovukazi 15 uthi ezimele, kuhlanganise Canada, Belize, Barbados, Grenada nabanye. Ngokuqondile e iningi New Zealand abe uMbusi-Jikelele Jerry Mateparae.

sivikelwe zabesifazane

Denmark futhi ishayé yeningi wezwe futhi zibalwa yesihlanu simo (9.11). Enye State, okuyinto enyakatho Yurophu. Lo mbuso futhi kwesokudla sowesifazane - Margrethe II. Ngakho-ke, Denmark - amakhosi ohlanga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Queen kusiza ephalamende unicameral, ebizwa ngokuthi Folketing.

isakhiwo sepolitiki Complex

Switzerland oluthatha indawo yesithupha (9.09). Kuyinto republic federal, le ukuhlanganyela esebenza nge ephalamende bicameral, futhi ngesisekelo isigamu intando yeningi. Switzerland akuyona elula isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. UMongameli Johann Schneider-Ammann kuyinto usihlalo Federal Council, kodwa eqinisweni akayena inhloko yezwe. Lokhu indima inikezwe wonke amalungu omkhandlu. Nakuba esimweni nezinqumo ezinzima zezombusazwe, izwi lakhe kuyoba juqu.

UMongameli kubhekwe ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo, futhi akunalo igunya phezu kwabo ukuqondisa amalungu Federal Council. Abakhethiwe kuphela ngonyaka. Futhi akunjalo abantu, futhi amalungu omkhandlu. Kunabantu eziyisikhombisa kuphela. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi bebonke ukusebenzisa izwe, ngamunye wabo umnyango lalo. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli wamanje unesibopho uMnyango KaHulumeni nezoMnotho, Ezemfundo kanye Ucwaningo.

izwe elixube

indawo Seventh abaya eCanada (9.08). Lesi simo kuyinto eNyakatho Melika. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inhloko state Queen of Great Britain. Kodwa wabusa Governor General Devid Dzhonston ekhaya. Canada - iyinhlangano esinoBukhosi ePhalamende kanye nentando yeningi ePhalamende.

Isimo yakhiwa izifundazwe 10. Ethandwa kakhulu kubhekwa Quebec. Lapha kulapho iningi labantu abakhuluma isi-French. Okunye izifundazwe ngokwezinga elikhulu kukhona "isiZulu".

ukuzinza

Nge Inkomba 9,03 indawo lesishiyagalombili waya Finland. Izici Zabantu izwe ikakhulukazi okusekelwe emandleni ukulinganisa, njengoba esitebeleni kunazo. Ngo-2010, isimo isibe best emhlabeni. Itholakala enyakatho yeYurophu. Kuyinto republic ePhalamende-kamongameli esekelwe intando yeningi ephalamende. Kusukela 2012 inhloko state Sauli Niynisto.

Umongameli likhethwa ngevoti ethandwa isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyisithupha. UMahluleli ophakeme amandla esiphezulu athweswe naye. Ingxenye legatsha zomthetho futhi ezandleni uMongameli, kodwa ngesiwombe sesibili wePhalamende Izilawuli - Eduskunta.

ezwekazini State

Australia esibalwa 9th kule simo emazweni yeningi zomhlaba (9.01). La mandla eduze oya ezwekazini New Zealand futhi kuthatha igama elifanayo. Inhloko yezwe kubhekwa indlovukazi WeBrithani. UMbusi-Jikelele - Piter Kosgrouv. Australia - a ohlanga ePhalamende, ongagcini nje wonke dominions Enkulu YaseBrithani. imisebenzi kaHulumeni kuhlobane ngokuqondile uQueen Elizabeth II futhi yangasese Council.

Australia yaziwa njengenye omunye emazweni amaningi asethuthukile zomhlaba. Uneziqu umnotho ozinzile, GDP okusezingeni eliphezulu lengenako. Yena lifaka wesibili Human Development Index, futhi kalula wayengase abe ngowokuqala rankings lamazwe yeningi e.

Top 10

Ukuqoqa out amazwe kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso nentando yenengi egcwele, Netherlands (8.92). Lesi simo kuyinto ohlanga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Okwamanje, inhloko umbuso Willem-Alexander. ENetherlands, esebenza iPhalamende bicameral, ogxile Ngokwentando yeningi ePhalamende. Inhloko-dolobha isimo ubhekwa Amsterdam. Kulapha le nkosi uthatha isifungo sokwethembeka umbuso. Kodwa kukhona inhlokodolobha langempela eHague, lapho lombuso elise.

nabanye abaholi

Esikhathini 26 uthi umbuso wentando yeningi agcwele sihlanganisa-United Kingdom, Spain, i-Ireland, i-USA, i-Japan, South Korea, Uruguay, Germany kanye nabanye. Kodwa kunjalo, mhlawumbe, ukuzwa kukhulunywa ngezintaba simo emazweni okuhambisana kombuso kobushiqela. On endaweni th 167 kuyinto North Korea, nge Inkomba 1.08. Kancane ngenhla ke ukuthi amazinga e kukhona Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Syria, Iran, Turkmenistan neCongo.

Russia osesikhundleni 117 ngesilinganiso ka 3,92. Ngaphambi kuba Cameroon, emva - Angola. Belarus kusese ngaphasi kwamaphesende ahlangana isiRashiya, endaweni 139 (3.16). Bobabili amazwe bayingxenye 'umbuso kobushiqela "isigaba. Ukraine ivuliwe endaweni 79th esigabeni ushintsho mode kanye Inkomba 5.94.

Ayikho ukuthuthukiswa

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule emazweni yeningi yeYurophu abalahlekelwe izikhundla zabo. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ensimini empumalanga. Bekanye Russia wawa rankings nakwamanye amazwe CIS e. Ezinye umaluju izikhundla zabo kancane, abanye - by degrees 5-7.

Kusukela 2013, intando yeningi global kumile. Kule modi, akukho Sokuzivikela, kodwa ikhona inqubekela phambili ningagcini. Lesi simo libhekisela isithombe Imininingwane zomhlaba. Kwezinye izibonelo, kodwa ukuhlehla lubonakale. uthi abaningi baphelelwa izinqubo zabo yeningi. Ikakhulukazi ngalesi kuthinte tetemnotfo.

Imibuso kobushiqela, ngokuphambene, babé ibe namandla nakakhulu. Ngakho, intando yeningi, lapho Kwandiswa emhlabeni kusukela ngo-1974, manje has a uhlamvu esikhubazayo. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ukwehla ekwethembeni izinhlangano zezombusazwe iqala, ikakhulukazi e-Europe. Futhi, inqubo intando yeningi ngokwayo engalethi labantu elamukelekile.