Amaphrotheni biosynthesis: a Finyeta ubuye ucacise kahle. amaprotheni biosynthesis emangqamuzaneni aphilayo

Ukuze ukufunda izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni, kudingeka wazi ukuthi kwenzekani ezingeni amaselula. Kodwa kukhona indima ebalulekile udlalwa by amaprotheni compounds. Kuyadingeka ukuba sihlole umsebenzi wazo nje kuphela, kodwa futhi inqubo yokudala. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuchaza biosynthesis wamaprotheni emfushane futhi ecacile. Ibanga 9 ngoba yileyo ndlela engcono. Kulesi sigaba, abafundi possess azani okungenele ukuqonda isihloko.

Amaprotheni - kuyini futhi abakwenzayo

Lezi zinto zehlela macromolecular zidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yanoma yimuphi umzimba. Amaphrotheni kukhona polymers, okusho aqukethe eziningi ezifanayo "izicucu." Inombolo yabo ingase ihluke ambalwa eziyinkulungwane.

Kuseli, amaphrotheni imisebenzi eminingi. Mkhulu indima yabo, emazingeni aphakeme yenhlangano: ezicutshini futhi izitho incike ekusebenzeni efanele amaprotheni ahlukahlukene.

Ngokwesibonelo, wonke ama-hormone kukhona amaprotheni imvelaphi. Kodwa lezi izinto ukulawula zonke izinqubo emzimbeni.

I-hemoglobin - amaprotheni efanayo, it siqukethe izifunda ezine axhunyiwe maphakathi athomu yensimbi. isakhiwo okunjalo kwenza amangqamuzana abomvu egazi athwala umoya-mpilo. Khumbula ukuthi zonke nolwelwesi ube yayo Ukwakheka amaprotheni. Ziyakwazi ezidingekayo zokudlulisela izinto ngokusebenzisa imvilophi cell.

Kukhona imisebenzi eminingi amaprotheni amangqamuzana, okuyinto zifeza ngokucacile futhi ngaphandle umbuzo. Lezi zinto zehlela emangalisayo zahlukahlukene kakhulu, hhayi kuphela ngoba izindima zakhe kuseli, kodwa futhi isakhiwo.

Lapho kukhona zamagama

I ribosome iyona organelle e ezisabalele ingxenye eyinhloko inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i "amaprotheni biosynthesis." grade 9 ezikoleni ezahlukene esihluke ngokuvumelana uhlelo ukutadisha biology, kepha othisha abaningi ukunikeza impahla ka organelles kusengaphambili ekuhloleni wokuhumusha.

Ngakho-ke, abafundi ngeke kube nzima ukukhumbula ekwazisweni kwezabelo futhi evikelekile. You azi ukuthi phezu organelle Kungashiwo okufanayo eyodwa kuphela polypeptide uchungechunge wadala kanyekanye. Akwanele ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo iseli. Ngakho-ke, eziningi ribosomes, futhi ngokuvamile basuke ngokuhlanganiswa reticulum endoplasmic. Lokhu EPS libizwa anolaka. Izinzuzo ezinjalo "nokubambisana" licacile: amaprotheni zamagama ngokushesha ngemva kokuwa esiteshini ezokuthutha, futhi ingathunyelwa ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi lapho uya khona.

Kodwa uma siyiqaphele kakhulu ekuqaleni, okungukuthi kufundwa ulwazi kusuka DNA, kungashiwo ukuthi biosynthesis wamaprotheni emangqamuzaneni aphilayo iqala nucleus. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi kwemiqondo isithunywa RNA, equkethe isimiso sezakhi zofuzo.

izinto ezidingekayo - amino acid, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici endaweni - the ribosome

Kubonakala sengathi kunzima ukuchaza indlela ukuqhutshwa amaprotheni biosynthesis, ngamafuphi futhi ngokucacile, inqubo isikimu kanye nemidwebo eziningi kubalulekile. Bazokusiza ukuletha yonke imininingwane, kanye abafundi bazokwazi kalula uyikhumbule.

Okokuqala, i-synthesis ezidingekayo "amabhlogo wokwakha" - amino acid. Ezinye zazo akhiqizwa emzimbeni. Abanye kungenziwa kuphela eyatholakala kusukela ukudla, bebizwa ebalulekile. Inombolo ephelele amino acid - amabili, kodwa ngenxa yenani elikhulu ongakhetha in which they zingafakwa neketanga eside amaprotheni molecule zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Lezi acid zifana nomunye isakhiwo kodwa ezizivelelayo ezahlukene.

It izakhiwo lezi zingxenye acid ngalinye acid ukusho ukuthi isakhiwo "kwehlisa" iketango okuholela, ingabe akha isakhiwo quaternary nabanye ngamaketanga, futhi yini izakhiwo bayokudla ifa macromolecule okuholela. Inqubo amaprotheni zamagama akakwazi zenzeka nje cytoplasm, le ribosome isidingo ke. Lokhu organelle yakhiwa subunits ezimbili - ezinkulu nezincane. Ngezinye ukuphumula, zingabantu engahlangani, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho iqala synthesis, basuke ngokushesha uxhumekile bese uqale umsebenzi.

Ezinjalo ezahlukene futhi ezibalulekile ribonucleic acid

Ukuze ukuletha ama-amino acid kuya ribosome, sidinga i-RNA okhethekileyo, obizwa ngokuthi ezokuthutha. Ukuze wehlise tRNA yawo emisiwe. Lokhu i-molecule elilodwa-balahleke ngesimo Cloverleaf ukwazi unamathisele olulodwa acid acid iyophela mahhala futhi iyiswa isayithi wamaprotheni zamagama.

Enye RNAs ehilelekile amaprotheni zamagama, ngokuthi matrix (ulwazi). It ithwala eqakathekileko lovakalako zamagama - ikhodi, okuyinto ngokucacile lelipelwe lapho abanye amino acid basingatha okuholela amaprotheni chain.

Lokhu molecule neketanga uhlaka olulodwa ehlanganisa ama-nucleotide kanye ne-DNA. Kukhona ezinye umehluko isakhiwo eyinhloko acid nucleic, okuyinto ungafunda isihloko ukuqhathanisa phezu RNA ne-DNA.

Imininingwane ukubunjwa amaprotheni m-RNA yalungiswa kusukela labahluleli induna isimiso sezakhi zofuzo - DNA. Inqubo ukufunda deoxyribonucleic acid kanye m-RNA zamagama ibizwa ngokuthi umbhalo.

Kwenzeka-nucleus, lapho mRNA okuholela iya ribosome. I-DNA kakhulu efanayo nucleus ingahambi, abangababi bemisebenzi yaso - nje kuphela ukulondoloza isimiso sezakhi zofuzo futhi balidlulisele ezinganeni endodakazini cell ngesikhathi division.

Isifinyezo ithebula abahlanganyeli main ekusakazeni

Ukuze ukuchaza biosynthesis amaprotheni kafushane futhi ngokucacile, ithebula uyisidingo. Kuyo sizorekhoda zonke izingxenye kanye nendima yabo kule nqubo, okuthiwa wokuhumusha.

Inqubo kakhulu efanayo yokudala neketanga amaprotheni ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu. Ake sibheke ngalinye kulawa kabanzi. Khona-ke ungakwazi kalula ukuchaza yonke oyifunayo amaprotheni biosynthesis kafushane futhi ngokucacile.

Ukuqaliswa - ekuqaleni inqubo

Lesi sinyathelo translation kokuqala, lapho subunit encane ribosome ehlangene ngowokuqala m-RNA. Lokhu RNA idlulisa acid acid - methionine. Yokusakaza njalo iqala ngale acid acid njengoba codon isiqalo kuyinto Aug, okuyinto buqonda le monomer kuqala uchungechunge amaprotheni.

Ukuze aqaphele codon isiqalo, ribosome hhayi ekuqaleni zamagama kusukela maphakathi isakhi sofuzo ukulandelana Aug okuyinto kungaba futhi emhlabeni codon isiqalo ukulandelana olukhethekile-nucleotide. Kuyinto ngaye ribosome ibona indawo ukuthi kufanele kube subunit encane.

Ngemva ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi nge m-RNA Ukuqalwa esiteji kuphelile. Futhi iqala esigabeni eyinhloko kokusakaza.

Ukunwebeka - zamagama maphakathi

Kulesi sigaba kukhona ukugcwala kancane kancane iketango amaprotheni. Ubude ukunwebeka incike isibalo amino acid ku amaprotheni.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuba subunit encane ribosome ijoyina enkulu. Futhi tRNA sokuqala ngokuphelele. Ngaphandle, kukhona methionine kuphela. Eceleni subunit elikhulu livela tRNA yesibili ethwele ezahlukene acid acid.

Uma codon wesibili mRNA kuvumelana anticodon phezu "Cloverleaf", yesibili acid acid lokuqala unamathele nge isibopho peptide.

Ngemva kwalokho ribosome uhamba ngebhayisikili mRNA ncamashi amathathu nucleotide (owodwa codon), i-tRNA lokuqala detaches ukuziqhelelanisa methionine futhi ahlukaniswa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Esikhundleni salo sesibili m-RNA ekupheleni okuyinto kuthé ngoba acid ezimbili acid.

Khona-ke, e-ingxenye yesithathu subunit enkulu tRNA futhi inqubo eziphindaphindiwe. Kuzoba kuze kube ke kugadla codon ribosome e mRNA, okubonisa kokuphela kokusakaza.

Ukunqanyulwa

Lesi sigaba zokugcina, kwabanye kungase kubonakale unonya. Zonke molecule organelles ukuthi njalo wasebenza ukwakha uchungechunge polypeptide, ayeke ngokushesha nje lapho ribosome iza phezu kuya codon ukunqanyulwa.

Akenzi encode yimiphi acid acid, ngakho noma yini tRNA noma engena subunit esikhulu, baba kuzonqatshelwa ngenxa lokungafani. Khona-ke eba izici isenzo ekunqanyulweni ehlukanisa amaprotheni siphelile kusukela ribosome.

Organelle ngokwayo yezimanga ukuzobhidliza ku subunits ezimbili, noma ukuqhubeka nohambo lwabo kwi m-RNA beyofuna isiqalo codon entsha. Kokunye mRNA kungenzeka ribosomes eziningana. Ngamunye wabo - eziteji wadala translyatsii.Tolko amaprotheni nakomaka inikezwa, lapho wonke kuzosula wo destination. Futhi izothunyelwa lapho kudingeke ngezinhlelo EPS.

Ukuze uqonde indima amaprotheni zamagama, kubalulekile ukuba sihlole lokho isebenta ke ongenza. It kuncike ukulandelana amino acid lapha. It izakhiwo zabo ukunquma yesibili, ephakeme futhi ngezinye izikhathi quaternary (uma ikhona) isakhiwo amaprotheni kanye nendzima yayo kuseli. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nemisebenzi amaprotheni molecule kungatholakala esihlokweni kulesi sihloko.

Kanjani ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ukusakaza

Lesi sihloko sichaza biosynthesis wamaprotheni endaweni kwengqamuzana ephilayo. Yiqiniso, uma ufunda isihloko kakhulu, ukuchaza inqubo ngokuningiliziwe izohamba eziningi Amakhasi. Nokho, impahla ngenhla kumele kwanele ukuze predstavleniya.Ochen jikelele ewusizo ngokuqondisisa kungenzeka isiqophi lapho ososayensi baye eyenziwe zonke izigaba wokuhumusha. Ezinye zazo ziye zahunyushelwa isiRashiya, futhi zingaba ithuluzi elikahle kakhulu abafundi noma ividiyo nje ulwazi.

Ukuze basiqonde kangcono lesi sifundo, futhi kufanele ufunde nezinye izihloko ngezihloko ezihlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, mayelana acid nucleic noma amaprotheni, umsebenzi pro.