Amabhuloho amatshe: izithombe ezidume kakhulu. Ibhuloho elikhulu lamatshe eMoscow

Amabhuloho amatshe angama-50 asetshenziswa emigwaqweni yaseRussian Federation. Ngamunye wabo uhlotshiswe uhlobo oluyingqayizivele, ellipsoidal elingaphansi, uhlaka lwe-arch. Amabhuloho amatshe akha i-0.8% kuphela yazo zonke izakhiwo ezikhona. Inani lezinhlaka ezineminyaka engama-25 edlule lilinganiselwa ku-100, ingxenye engamashumi amahlanu adlule - ngaphezu kuka-150. Ngisho noma sicabangela lawo mabhuloho amatshe asetshenziselwa isigaba "sepayipi" noma cha nhlobo ebhalini, ngeke kube ngaphezu kuka-1 enkundleni yenethiwekhi, 5%.

Ukunciphisa izakhiwo ezifanayo kujwayelekile kumanethiwekhi wendawo. Ngakho, isibonelo, esifundeni saseMoscow sezakhiwo zamatshe ezingu-800 ezikhona kuphela ezinhlanu, cishe ezingu-10 - ema-Urals. Cishe amabhuloho angu-20 asetshenziswa eSt. Petersburg nasesifundazwe saseLeningrad, eMoscow namhlanje kunezingcingo ezine kuphela zokuhamba. ENyakatho Caucasus, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinjalo kuye kumiswa. Ngisho naseDagestan, lapho kwakhiwa khona ibhuloho lamatshe indawo yokuqala, kule minyaka eyishumi edlule kwavela izikhungo ezintsha ezintathu kuphela. Futhi lokhu kusikisela ukuthi eRussia, amabhuloho amatshe athatha indawo engakabonakali ngokufaka izakhamuzi eziqinisiwe ezimboni nezakhiwo zensimbi, futhi lokhu kusebenza ezindaweni ezicebile kuleli dwala.

Ake siphumelele esikhathini esedlule

Enye yezakhiwo zokuqala enhlokodolobha yakhiwe ngezitini ngaphesheya koMfula iNeglinka. Ixhuma iSango Lontathu Lase-Kremlin Tower neKutafia Strelnik. Ibhuloho lamatshe eMoscow ekuqaleni lalingenasisekeli ngamakhasethi namanzi. Ngokwesazi-mlando uZabelin, ukwakha amatje ngo-1367, namuhla kuwela iphasika - u-Alexander Garden.

Inhloko yokubheka eRussia

Ibhuloho elikhulu lamatshe eMoscow lakhiwa kude nango-1692. Wabe esebizwa ngokuthi u-All-Svyatsky. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-1858 iBridge Bridge enkulu ibhekwa njengokwakhiwa kwesimbi yokuqala eMoscow. Ekhulwini le-16, kusukela ebhange elinye kuya kwelinye, umuntu angawela kuphela ngesikebhe esithi "bukhoma" esiphambukayo. Ngekhulu le-17, ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho lamatshe laqala, ngo-1938 lase liqinisiwe kakade, kodwa igama lahlala lifanayo. Ukuze lihambelane ngokugcwele negama, libhekene ne-granite.

I-panorama ye-Kremlin, evula kusukela e-Stone Bridge, ibonakala ngemuva kwamaphasethi asezakhamuzi zaseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCathhedral of Christ uMsindisi, iSofia, Prechistenskaya noBersenevskaya izibhamu zibhekwa kulokhu kwakhiwa.

EMoscow, kwakhiwe namanye amabhuloho amatshe okuwela imifula nemifula. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, idolobha laseChina ne-Kremlin lahlanganiswa izakhiwo ezimbili zokufakelwa - uSpassky noNicolsky.

I-Great Stone Bridge eMoscow: 1680

Kuze kube yikhulu leminyaka le-15, isayithi lwakhiwa lwanamuhla laliyinqamula. Kuphela ngo-1643, uZar Mikhail Fedorovich wanikeza umyalo wokuqala ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho lokuqala lamatshe. Sasiyala le master kusuka eStrasbourg - Jagun Christel. Yonke imisebenzi yokwakha ekwakhiweni kwesibhuloho samatshe yayimiswa ngemva kokufa kwenkosi nenkosi, yaqeda wonke umonakalo owaziwa waseRussia ngo-1687. Wagcwalisa ngo-1692 futhi wanikeza igama elithi All-Svyatsky.

Ibhuloho lamatshe lalilingamamitha angu-170 ubude nobubanzi obungama-22 ububanzi. Kwakukhona ama-arches angu-8, lawo ahloswe ukukhuphuka izikebhe, ngamasentimitha angu-15. Kusukela ebhange elingakwesokunxele, kwakungenakwenzeka ukungena emasangweni onke e-All-Svyatsky, ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesibhuloho kwakukhona umbhoshongo onqedwe ngamabili.

Izinguquko kusukela ngo-1858

Ibhuloho elisetshenziswe ngamatshe ladilizwa futhi ngo-1858 lafakwa esikhundleni salo ngensimbi yesithathu (owokuqala eMoscow). Ngo-1938 kwakhiwa ukwakhiwa okusha kule sayithi, lapho onjiniyela uKalmykov, abakhi bendawo uGelfreich, Schuko noMinkus basebenza khona. Ubude bhuloho ngamamitha angu-487 (enezingeniso). It inikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu weCathhedral of Christ uMsindisi kanye neKremlin, futhi kusukela lapha ungabona isakhiwo esiyisikhumbuzo esithi "Indlu Ngenxanxathela", eyenzelwe ngu-Iofan B.M.

Umshado uhamba

Ibhuloho elikhulu lamatshe liyaziwa kubo bonke abahlali base-USSR yangaphambili abavela emaphepheni aseMoscow. Umbono wale panorama awuzange ushintshe futhi kuze kube manje ubonakala kuhle kakhulu ezithombeni ngemuva kwemishado yabashadayo.

Ibhuloho ibhekwa njengophawu lokuhlanganiswa, ngakho izithombe ezithathwe kule ndawo zizokukhumbuza njalo ngencazelo yaleli gama. Cabanga ukuthi kufana kangakanani. Ibhuloho. Ugu oluphikisanayo. Iziphuzo ezimbili nomndeni owodwa.

Ibhuloho lamatshe elincane

Ibhuloho elincane lamatshe liwela i-Vodootvodny Canal, lisendaweni yesibili ngemuva kwesiteshi sePatriatrika yenhloko-dolobha. Lezo zakhiwo zise-Yakimanka, ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona iSerimovich Street, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi - uBolshaya Polyanka.

Kwavuleka ibhuloho elincane lamatshe ngo-1938. Ubude bayo buyizingamamitha angu-64 nobubanzi bamamitha angu-40. Lena akuyona isakhiwo sokuqala esakhiwe kule sayithi. Esikhathini esidlule, kwakukhona ibhuloho, ukwakhiwa okuphelile ngo-1788. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungumuthi futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "Kozmodemyanskiy". Ngo-1880 yashintshwa ibhuloho lamatshe enegama elifanayo.

Ngaphezulu kwesiklami samanje sasebenza uYakovlev noGolbrodsky, isikhathi esithile kwakukhona izindlela ze-tram.

Iziqhingi zase-Saint-Petersburg

Ngo-1752, ibhuloho lezinkuni elinomkhawulo owodwa lakhiwa ngaphesheya komfula iKrivushu (namuhla owaziwa ngokuthi yisiteshi seGriboedov). Kamuva, unjiniyela uNazimov wenza uhlelo olusha lokuwela. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisakhiwo sokuqala samatshe, yingakho babiza ngokuthi iBridge Bridge. I-St. Petersburg namuhla ingaziqhayisa ngalokhu kuwela, futhi akukho okwenziwa kabusha. Ubungqayizivele bhuloho yikusetshenziswa kwebhande ledayimane. Abantu abaningi abaqondi le mqondo, ngakho ake sichaze ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi iyini. Ngaphansi kokugqwala kwedayimane kusho ukucubungula kwamatshe aphikisayo njengephiramidi ye-tetrahedral, izici zazo, ngenxa yokubumba okukhethekile, ezikhanyayo lapho ilanga libahlasela , lifana nedayimane. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni, kodwa namuhla ayibonakali njalo. Ibhuloho lamatshe (iSt. Petersburg) lakhiwa ngezitebhisi ezine ezinezinyathelo ezinamanzi emanzini, okwakuqedwa ngekhulu le-19.

Ngo-1880, umzamo wesikhombisa kumbusi wawuhlelwe kule ndawo. Amalungu eqembu elithi "Narodnaya Volya" ngaphansi kwebhuloho abeka ibhomu ukuze aqhume ukuwela, lapho edlula khona abasebenzi basebukhosini. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi awuhlosiwe ukuba kwenzeke, njengoba izithunywa zomnyango wezokuphepha zivula ngesikhathi futhi umbusi u-Alexander II wadabula ibhuloho ngaphambi kokuba abantu bafike. Ngomnyaka we-1881, ama-7 we-dynamite asuswa esakhiweni, kodwana lokhu kwenzeke ngemva kokufa kuka-Emperor.

St. Petersburg - idolobha lamabhuloho

UPeter wayehlonishwa njengomgcini wemlando waseRussia. Emzini owodwa kunamasonto amaningi, izindlu zamakhosi, imithombo emihle, iminyuziyamu emihle namathempeli.

ISt. Petersburg - umnikazi oyinhloko wezinhlobo zonke zokuhamba, iziqhingana nemisele. Emadolobheni kukhona amabhuloho, amabhuloho adlulayo namatshe, lapho izivakashi zihamba khona. Zonke izakhiwo zinesixazululo esiyingqayizivele. Uhlaka olufakiwe lunikeza okuhlukile. Kukhona indaba ehlobene nokwakhiwa kwebhuloho ngalinye. Yilokhu okuchaza isifiso sezivakashi ukuba sibabaze ubuciko obubuciko bokudweba.

Yiqiniso, zonke amabhuloho aseSt. Petersburg azichazi kahle. Noma kunjalo ubuhle babo abukwazi ukuhanjiswa ngamagama. Ngingathanda ukuphawula ukuthi amabhuloho amatshe abe yiziqhenyiso zenhloko-dolobha yesibili yaseRussia. Amabhuloho okuqala abonakala njengeLaundries, Hermitage, Stone neVerkhne-Lebyazhy, namanje ahlobisa umuzi namuhla.