Zintathu Cathedral ka-Aleksandru saseNevsky Lavra: incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Eningizimu-mpumalanga isikhungo Petersburg, eduze amabhange iNeva kuyinto Dome ngokubabazekayo Holy Trinity Cathedral, elaliyisikhungo yezakhiwo kanye umhlobiso Alexander saseNevsky Lavra. uhlaka yakhe wekuvana ajwayelekile futhi eduze bonke Petersburgers. Babé litshwayo edolobheni, like umkhumbi phezu Spire ka Admiralty futhi "ukukhulisa eRussia impunzi," lethusi wehhashi.

Okukhulu kakhulu, umyalo ozelwe Petra Velikogo

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ngo-1710, njengoba sengike ngesikhathi confluence uMfula iNeva e Black River - njengoba ezinsukwini ubudala okuthiwa wamanje emfuleni Monastyrka - umbusi uPetru I yayala ukwakha sezindela anikezelwe St. Alexander saseNevsky. Isifiso sakhe wayengekho bethanda besikhashana. Lawa kwakungamadodana iminyaka nempi Sweden, kanye nosizo usanta, isipiliyoni ngaphezulu okwadingeka smash abaseSweden, kwakudingeka. Kukhethwa izindawo ukuze kwakhiwe indlu yezindela kwaba umphumela owawuvamile ngalezo zinsuku nombono oyiphutha wokuthi qophelo, Prince u-Alexander wanqoba ukunqoba kwakhe.

Nge "Naphezu umakhelwane ozidlayo" yakhe, umuzi omkhulu, iNkosi uPeter ukubeka nokwakha kwakhe ngezinga elikhulu. uhlelo master lakhiwe, emigwaqweni yedolobha welulela ngaphansi kwazo ngendlela weJiyomethri oda esiqinile. Ukuze ukwakhiwa uhulumeni, amathempeli nezigodlo abakhulu abamenyiwe okungcono abaklami angaphandle. Labor ezinkulungwane serfs, axoshwe lonke elaseRussia, kusukela Finnish emaxhaphozini emaxhaphozini rose Venice Yezilwandle North.

In the phakathi umsebenzi, lapho esakhiwe zibuswa inqaba kanye elalisanda kwakhiwa ngisemsebenzini Admiralty phansi imikhumbi yokuqala ye ngoxhaxha Russian phezu kwamanzi, uMbusi ukuwo isidingo ukudala isikhungo ezingokomoya. Wafisa le Tsar uPetru ukuba izindela ngokwethembeka kude umsindo edolobheni ngaphikelela emthandazweni ukuthumela phansi isibusiso sikaNkulunkulu kuzo zonke imizamo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kwaba phakathi nempi yokulwa abaseSweden, futhi inkumbulo saint, kanye wawahlula, kwakufanele ugqozi amaqhawe lanamuhla.

Amalungiselelo ukwakhiwa Isigodlo

Entsha sezindela umbusi uqobo labelwe ucezu ezisindayo umhlaba loMfula iNeva, ngaphezu kuye kwathiwa kubangelwa leli zwe e-Olonets esifundeni. Umsebenzi wokwakha eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo kwenziwa eminyakeni emibili kamuva umakhi Italian Lokudabuka Swiss Domenico Trezzini.

Project D.Trezini

It ekuqaleni kuhlelwe ukuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi zezakhiwo lezindela, symmetrically bandlale phezu isikhala lonke eyabelwa kuye loMfula iNeva, kwakufanele kube esinye isakhiwo ukuzivikela eningizimu-mpumalanga inhloko-dolobha abasha, ngakho-ke yayakhiwe zonke imithetho izinqaba.

Xhuma Monastery ne Petersburg kuhlelwe umgwaqo ngamatshe ngokusebenzisa sehlozi ihlathi, okuthiwa ecebeni ngokuthi "iNeva pershpektiva" - ikusasa thoroughfare main omuzi saseNevsky Prospekt.

isikhungo Architectural lakhiwa sezindela kwakufanele kube ithempeli, indawo ngawo ezishiwo isu Trezzini, futhi nga which he kulindeleke ukuba kuqale abami saseNevsky Prospekt. Ukudala iphrojekthi eyabelwe ethempelini ezisanda kufika evela eJalimane, abasebancane kodwa kakade iwine umakhi abadumile T. Schwertfeger, i umsekeli oshisekayo ke imfashini German isitayela Baroque.

Kungcono inhlanhla ngokuzayo

Lokhu kuqala, hhayi esekhona zintathu Cathedral ka-Aleksandru saseNevsky Lavra laliyisakhiwo grand, ehlotshiswe zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde yebheli nemibhoshongo eziqongweni. Ngo 1719 waqala umsebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi wokulungiselela. Lesi sakhiwo, eyathatha iminyaka eyishumi nanye, laqedwa ngo-1733, kodwa kungakabiphi kwaba sobala ukuthi amaphutha amakhulu enziwa nokuhlelwa.

Ikakhulukazi, kwakungadingeki ngokwanele luqiniswe phansi isisekelo bazakha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona isiphetho umehluko izingxenye ngabanye lombhishobhi, okwakuyigama imbangela ayangena e vaults yayo. Umi 1744, kusho ikhomishana wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi ingozi yangempela kuwa isakhiwo futhi ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ukusetshenziswa kwalo.

Qedela Ukudilizwa bamasonto baqala e 1753 kanye Manufactured ngaphansi kobuholi State iKhansela Ivan Jakovljevic Rossi, namesake edumile Carlo Rossi, wathatha iminyaka emibili. Ngemuva zokuqala Holy Trinity Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Lavra Petersburg, iye adiliza ngokuphelele, wachitha iminyaka eyisithupha wayewukuphela elementi sidle aphakeme ngesikhathi eyinkimbinkimbi sezindela.

esiseqophelweni eliphezulu uCatherine II

A esigabeni esisha ukwakha ithempeli kungokwalabo wokubusa Umbusikazi uCatherine II, umyalo zazo e 1763 esungulwe umncintiswano Cathedral amaphrojekthi. Kwaba khona abangu-abakhi osesikhundleni esiningi saleso sikhathi, ezifana Yu. M. Felten, AF Kokorin, FF Wiest, S. A. volkov nabanye. Akekho umsebenzi ethulwa akuzange wathola imvume eliphakeme nokwakhiwa umsebenzi ahlehliswa eminye iminyaka eyishumi nanye.

Kuphela ngo-1774, lapho ukubambezeleka eminye kungenzeka - Isigodlo lakhiwa, futhi ithempeli emaphakathi lapho - uCatherine II ngaphambilini ukuze afundise project yakhe yokudala wezakhiwo Russian Ivanu Egorovichu Starovu. Umsebenzi ngemibhalo yomsebenzi wathatha iminyaka emibili, futhi 1776, ngemva kwemvume eliphakeme yephrojekthi, umlobi wayo waphathiswa ukuphathwa ukwakhiwa. Empress ngokwakhe lapho kubekwa zemikhosi sesonto. Ngokushesha ngemva womcimbi, wambusisa, saqala ukusebenza.

Ukugcwaliswa futhi umqhele ethempelini

Phakathi neminyaka emine, wasukuma ukuze esibhakabhakeni ezimbili embhedeni isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi. On omunye wabo, eningizimu, kuyilapho Chime efakiwe, futhi ngakolunye, enyakatho, ephakanyiswe trinadtsatitonny Bell, owayeneminyaka kuqala Isigodlo Iberia futhi sokusakaza 1658. Ngu-1786, imisebenzi nokwakhiwa seziqedile bebonke, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine sekuyinto lokufeza umhlobiso ingaphakathi bese uzinika isikhathi esanele ukuba kwakhiwe kwezulu, abangcweliselwe sesonto.

Yenzeka nge solemnity ongavamile ku khona iningi uCatherine Omkhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusukela eseduze Bandla Annunciation yi engapheli isibhamu salute KuZiqu-zintathu Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Monastery wayiswa zizogcinwa khona kuze kube yileso sikhathi, endaweni engcwele esiliva lapho reposed ongcwele izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo.

Temple - intela heroes

Kusukela esikhathini ukwakhiwa yayo-zintathu Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Lavra Petersburg kungokwalabo esigabeni okuthiwa Kapitulna, okungukuthi, amasonto Order sika. Kulokhu sikhuluma Order of St Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ekuqaleni enikelwe umkhawulo wakhe wabekwa ngaphansi esiseningizimu, kodwa 1838 uyekwa.

Njengoba kuwuphawu lokuhlonipha esikhethekile zonke ukhishwa le ndondo ngabo egumbini ekhethekile elakhelene naleli thempeli Fedorov sidumbu sitholwe ngo-1791, futhi kamuva emnyango eya ethempelini lalapho kwaba impumuzo Order yesithombe.

I ekuqaleni kwenkathi wokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu Imininingwane

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-kwamaBolshevik umthetho zintathu Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Monastery akaphunyuki inqubo yokwabiwa komhlaba jikelele impahla yesonto. Konke, ngokuvumelana iziphathimandla ezintsha, ongowenani, senziwa ukuphuma kuso, futhi laliwukuphela kwesakhiwo kubaqoqi endaweni Renovators ngonyaka ngokwayo - abameleli uvele ngemva Februwari Revolution ukunyakaza secessionist phakathi kwabefundisi bama-wakhuluma noMose, "ukuvuselelwa yeSonto" nokuzama bakwemukele amaBolshevik.

Kusukela ngo-1928 kuya ku-1933 Holy Trinity Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Monastery ayengowesifazane legatsha ezahlukene abefundisi, wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "nepominayuschie". Leli qembu wabapristi izinhlangothi zenqaba ukugoba uphondo nge iziphathimandla zaseSoviet futhi ukukhulekela kwabo ngomthandazo ukuba basikhumbule Metropolitan uSergiyu (Stargorodsky), ukusebenza eduze naye. Ngesikhathi kwakufana ukuphambuka ezincane nesonto siVumelwano engathathwa iziphathimandla njengendlela kwezombangazwe, futhi ukunquma kuso, kwakudinga isibindi fair.

Temple e iminyaka kombuso wobushiqela

Kodwa ngo-1933-zintathu Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Monastery, omlando wakhe ngokuyinhloko ungwaqa nge umlando iningi amathempeli nezigodlo zezindela kwaleso sikhathi, yavalwa. Isevisi sokugcina yaqhutshelwa kuleyo 7 Disemba. Lesi sakhiwo lombhishobhi yaziwa njengenye ngobuciko izakhiwo zesonto, okuhleliwe isikhungo inkulumo-ze. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka okwalandela emagcekeni lombhishobhi kwaku District yezindlu, ishede lokugcina izincwadi kanye Museum. Uyekwa kanye Alexander saseNevsky Lavra.

Zintathu Cathedral waphindiselwa Orthodox abantu abavamile ngo-1957, kodwa kuphela amalungelo kukuliphi isonto futhi wonke amalunga omphakathi ngeke, ngezindleko zakhe siqu ukwenza wonke umsebenzi ezidingekayo ku ukulungisa yayo kanye nokubuyiselwa. Ngenhlanhla, phakathi neminyaka kusukela Ukuvalwa yayo, sasingawohloki zemabula iconostasis Pinketi bazalwane, okuyinto yashesha kakhulu ngokubuyiselwa ethempelini. Ngemva konyaka, lapho kuphelile esigabeni sokuqala ukulungiswa, ibandla lagcina busisa.

imvuselelo azithele ngabandayo

Zona efanayo Holy Trinity Alexander saseNevsky Lavra lavuselelwa njengoba wezindela kuze 1989. Khona-ke aphinde samukela usomqulu uhlonzwe abantu, ubani amyisa okuthunyelwe main zokuphatha, ezifana emnothweni, umphathi zasemakhaya, sacristan, umambuli, nokunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umphakathi uyekwa, aphathe konke yezindaba Holy Trinity Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Lavra. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ekulahlekelweni isimo sabo ezimele lesifunda esontweni. Ekugcineni, zonke izakhiwo yayihlanganisiwe ngaphambili eziyinkimbinkimbi sezindela waphindiselwa wezindela 2000.

Temple - umhlobiso eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo

Namuhla, Petersburg Alexander saseNevsky Monastery ingenye ezikhumbuzo main zomlando zomuzi, elaliyisikhungo yezakhiwo lapho kubhekwa ukuba Holy Trinity Cathedral. Lokhu ukwakhiwa Dome grand, okuyinto lihlotshiswe ezimbili omkhulukazi isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi, njengelinye lamazwe obukhulu kuzo classicism ekuseni. Ngaphakathi pylon zayo ezintathu enamandla, ukwabelana sonke isikhala bese uyinika ukuma cruciform, isekela igobela isakhiwo. Loggia nomnyango main anezinhlaka kuvulandi lamakholomu eziyisithupha Doric.

Ngaphambi inguquko sesonto kukhona imidwebo eyanikelwa Umbusikazi uCatherine II, futhi kamuva babaphuca amaBolshevik. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona imisebenzi amakhosi amaningi angamaGreki esidlule. Kodwa ngisho nanamuhla, uZiqu-zintathu Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Monastery, ogama amasiko esukela emuva le ekhulwini XVIII, lihlotshiswe umsebenzi amakhosi wavuma ka ezobuciko. Eye yasinda ku imidwebo eyenziwe domes Kvarengi zaveza vaults. Eminyakeni South nasenyakatho yokungena elise imifanekiso esibonisa izigcawu the Old and eTestamente Elisha, imisebenzi oluvelele umqophi Russian F. Shubin. ukunakekelwa okukhethekile futhi uyakufanelekela zaveza iminyango bobukhosi, eyenziwe abadumile abaculi I. A. Akimovym noJ Mettenleyterom.

Lezi amakhosi imidwebo kanye umhlobiso sculptural we kwangaphakathi izakhiwo zethempeli ngokugcwele baqhubeka emgqeni kwezobuciko kuqalile by I. E. Starov. Zintathu Cathedral of Alexander saseNevsky Monastery, naphezu kwakho konke umonakalo kuzona kubo eminyakeni ingqikithi ukuhlubuka, kwaba isibonelo eliphezulu kakhulu classical Russian art XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka.