Yokwelapha Shock eRussia ngo-1992

Esinye sezenzakalo edume kakhulu kumnotho wasekhaya saleli shumi lokugcina leminyaka kwekhulu elidlule kwaba okubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa ukushaqeka eRussia (1992). Kafushane nje, elithi kusho iqoqo izinyathelo olukhulu okuhloswe ngazo ukuvuselela umnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni ahlukahlukene, leli thuluzi kwadingeka ntshashintshe okuphumelela. Njengoba sobala yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia (1992), ukuthi kuyini, onjani umthelela bekulokhu kusetshenziswa le ndlela isimo? Lezi kanye nezinye izindaba futhi kuyoba isihloko ucwaningo lwethu.

Izici Zabantu umqondo

Ngaphambi kokuvala lemininingwane ohambisana mkhuba yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia ngo-1992, ake ukuthola kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yini le nkulumo isho ukuthi.

Emongweni yokwelapha ukushaqeka iqoqo izinyathelo oluphelele, okuyinto zenzelwe neqhaza ophumayo okusheshayo kusuka isimo esibucayi. Kodwa, ngeshwa, hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi, lezi zinyathelo nomphumela, okuyinto elindelekile kuwo, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukusetshenziswa okungafanele zazo kungenzeka babhebhethekise ngisho isimo.

Ukuze isethi ejwayelekile imisebenzi ngesikhathi yokwelapha ukushaqeka zihlanganisa:

• ukunciphisa ngobungako zemali in kwegazi;
• isicelo osheshayo zamanani khulula;
• lapho kwemukelwa khona isabelomali olinganiselayo;
• ukuncipha eziphawulekayo izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali;
• azimele kwamanye amabhizinisi kahulumeni.

yokwelapha Shock eRussia (1992) wayengeyena yedwa isibonelo sokwenza lelo hlelo lisebenze ithuluzi emlandweni wonke. Lokhu iqoqo izinyathelo esetshenziswa emazweni ahlukahlukene njengoba ekuqaleni futhi kamuva.

Ngemva kwempi, iJalimane kanye banamuhla Poland - esinye sezibonelo edume kunazo isicelo ngempumelelo indlela. Kodwa emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union naseLatin America (Bolivia, Chile, Peru, i-Argentina, Venezuela) ukushaqeka yokwelapha enjalo wakubeka akuphumelelanga, nakuba ngokungangabazeki, ezimweni eziningi nomthelela ukuvela izinqubo zezomnotho omuhle. izinyathelo Abaningana impela yimpumelelo ezifana nalezo imbozwe isifundo sethu, sekube ngesikhathi esisodwa e-UK, New Zealand, Israyeli nakwamanye amazwe.

Izinzuzo esemqoka indlela yokwelapha ukushaqeka ubhekwa jikelele walo futhi izinga kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu ukukhiqizwa elamukelekile. I negative kwasekuqaleni, kungenzeka ukuba baphathe izingozi kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu futhi ukwehla kwamazinga ophilayo esikhathini esifushane.

izenzakalo ezidlule

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izenzakalo ekuphileni ezomnotho nezombusazwe, ophoqelelwe uhulumeni ukusebenzisa ithuluzi ezifana yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia (1992).

Ukuphela 80 sika - zakuqala 90-yalolucwaningo kwaphawulwa umcimbi jikelele enjalo, njengoba ngokuwa kweSoviet Union. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ukuthi senziwa ezicini eziningana, kokubili kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho.

Omunye preconditions esiyinhloko ngokuwa kweSoviet Union kwaba nokungasebenzi ngendlela yamanje imodeli kwezomnotho, eyayisekelwe ukuphathwa umyalo-zokuphatha. Isidingo izinguquko kuhulumeni waseSoviet yaqaphela 80s maphakathi. Ngenxa yale njongo, izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "yokwakha kabusha" owawuse, yayihloselwe yeningi emphakathini kanye nokwethulwa izakhi izindlela emakethe emnothweni. Kodwa kube lenguquko babe nengxenye ezithandayo, futhi ayikwazanga ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinqwabelene, kodwa isimo saba sibi kakhulu.

Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR isimo somnotho eRussia uqalile ziwohloka nakakhulu, nakho kwaba nomthelela decoupling of amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet. Abanye ochwepheshe, ezifana Isekela uNdunankulu for Yemfihlo Economic egor Gaydar babekholelwa ukuthi eRussia on the esengozini ngenxa yendlala ngenxa kokudla iziphazamiso.

Uhulumeni, eliholwa Borisom Eltsinym, wayazi ukuthi izwe lidinga ngokushesha yizinguquko kwezomnotho izinguquko ezinkulu, futhi isigamu-izinyathelo ngeke kukusize isimo samanje sezinto. Ngokuwasebenzisa izinyathelo ezinqala kungaba ngcono umnotho. yokwelapha Shock eRussia ngo-1992 nje yaba ithuluzi eyayihloselwe ukuletha esimeni esibucayi.

izinyathelo kuqala

Isinyathelo sokuqala, okuyinto wethulwa ne yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia (1992), kwaba ukukhululwa amanani. Lokhu kwakusho ekwakhekeni ukubaluleka izimpahla namasevisi ngokusebenzisa izindlela emakethe. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo isimo walala yokuthi kuze kube yileso sikhathi kwakusetshenziswa kwetinhlavu isiqondiso isimo izintengo iningi imikhiqizo, ngakho ushintsho kungalindelekile zamanani khulula kwaba ukushaqeka ngempela eqinile nakwezomnotho lonke lelo zwe.

Ukukhuluma mayelana nokwenzeka ukwethulwa amanani khulula lwase luthambama ukuze kutholakale enye iSoviet Union ngo-80s sekwephuzile, kodwa izinyathelo sína lesi siqondiso, ke akazange afike. Isimo kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga iqiniso lokuthi kukhona umbuzo mayelana nokwenzeka kumiswa amanani khulula ku nemibandela imodeli kwezomnotho, ngaleso sikhathi yayikhona eRussia.

Noma kunjalo, ngo-December 1991, wemukelwa Government of the RSFSR ku ukuxegiswa amanani, okuyinto uqala ukusebenza kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-January 1992. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kwakungenxa isinyathelo ophoqelelwe, kusukela esethulweni zezinyathelo ekuqaleni ehlelelwe Phakathi no-1992. Kodwa izinkinga kokudla ebhekene indlala, baphoqeleka ukuba basheshe ne isinqumo. Ngakho, kwethulwa ngeqoqo lezinyathelo, ukwaziwa yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia (1992) wanikezwa.

Inkinga yokuntuleka kokudla nezinye izinto imikhiqizo iye unqobe, kodwa isethulo zamanani khulula kwakumane kuyisiqalo ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, okuyinto eyabangela ukuncipha okukhulu emiholweni yangempela ngisho phansi izingxenye ezithile emphakathini.

Izinguquko Ezenzeka namanye amazwe

Inani ukuxegiswa wayengeyena emisha kuphela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwathatha indawo futhi lwekukhululwa angaphandle. Amanani Ukungadli emakethe yasekhaya futhi lwamazwe omhlaba luholele ekutholakaleni yokuthi inhlangano wahlanganyela namanye amazwe zaqala ukwenza inzuzo enkulu. Kwakungekhona inzuzo ukutshala ekukhiqizeni, futhi ukuhlanganyela kabusha of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni inkohlakalo kanye ukuqoqelana kwezimali okukhulu ezandleni ngabanye, ababe kamuva ukubizwa ngokuthi oligarchs.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali Rising, ubugebengu obudlangile nenkohlakalo udale nomuzwa wokuthi yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia (1992) - iyona indlela eya kwalasha.

Gaidar uhulumeni

The main ukushayela yiwona owabangela izinguquko owayengusombusazwe abasha Yegor Gaidar, ngubani yanjalo labetibambile izikhundla Isekela uNdunankulu for Economic Affairs, uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali kanye Okokuqala Isekela Usihlalo kaHulumeni. Ngo-June 1992, ngenxa yokuthi umongameli Russian ayikwazanga sihlanganise kakhudlwana futhi okuthunyelwe undunankulu, Yegor Gaidar waqokwa oyibamba olusemthethweni. IKhabhinethi kuhlanganisiwe bezinguquko ezifana uVladimir Shumeyko, u-Alexander Shokhin, Andrei Nechayev, Grigoriy Hizha, Anatoly Chubais, uPetru Aveni, nabanye.

Kwaba uhulumeni, ibuye ofeza ebaluleke kakhulu yizinguquko kwezomnotho Russian.

Izinyathelo eyinhloko uhulumeni

Ake sibheke izinyathelo eziyisisekelo ezithathwe nguhulumeni of Russia ka-sikhathi ukuze afeze kabusha. Ngaphezu ukuxegiswa amanani kanye namanye amazwe, lapha zihlanganisa aphuma emnothweni kuhlelwe oda isimo, ukwethulwa izimiso emakethe of ubudlelwano kwezomnotho, ukwakheka isevisi intela, ukuqinisekisa convertibility of the ruble, isiqinisekiso ukuhweba khulula, ukuncishiswa isabelomali izindleko, ukwethulwa kohlelo intela, nokuningi.

Singasho ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi kwakheka main okuqala sokuthuthukiswa ngumnotfo walamuhla.

azimele

Esinye sezimiso eziyisisekelo indlela yokwelapha ukushaqeka kuyinto azimele kwetimali temabhizimisi embuso. Nakuba waphenduka ngobuningi kuphela ngo-1993, ngemva ukwesula Egora Gaydara, kodwa ukuthi ihhovisi lakhe usibekile isisekelo lesi senzakalo esibaluleke futhi wachaza izinyathelo eziyisisekelo ukufeza umgomo.

umthetho azimele waphasiswa ehlobo lika-1991, kodwa kuphela kusukela kuqale lo nyaka elandelayo basungula izindlela ukuqaliswa le nqubo. Amacala lokuqala azimele kwempahla isimo kukhona ezindiza 1992. I umfutho ebanzi kakhulu ke labawatfolile esifundvweni nobe 1993-1995. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhloko yabangamashumi Impahla Yombuso iKomiti kwaba Anatoly Chubais, ngakho-ke kwaba negama lakhe lihlotshaniswa azimele, okokuqala kunakho konke nemiphumela yako emibi. Kungani?

I engavamile we azimele isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ukuthi kungaba livulekele bonke izakhamuzi zezwe lapho uhlobo olukhethekile izibambiso engunyaza ezandleni zakhe - izaphulelo, noma izaphulelo. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi noma yisiphi isakhamuzi uzokwazi ukuthenga ingxenye inkampani, okuyinto nokususwa kusukela impahla yomphakathi.

Azimele kwempahla isimo ibilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile indlela ngawo eyenziwa yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia (1992). ekutholeni yayo kuze kunalokho edidayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo mthetho akwazi ukuqeda iningi amabhizinisi ukulahlekelwa wokwenza, ngaleyo ndlela ukukhulula imali nezinye izinjongo mali, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ingoma ithengiswe yenombolo yezinhlangano, okungase alethe inzuzo enkulu ngobuholi okunekhono. Eziningi zalezi amabhizinisi basuke bagxila ezandleni iqembu elincane oligarchs.

Gaidar sika uhulumeni ukwesula

Njengoba setingucuko wenzuzo ayiyiphansi isivinini sabo, futhi izindinganiso zokuphila wangempela izakhamuzi njalo bawa. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi uhulumeni Gaidar sika uya ukulahlekelwa udumo phakathi kwabantu.

Gaidar kwaba eningi izitha kwezazi zezombangazwe nezikhulu elite zezombusazwe. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi ngo-December 1992, kusho iCongress of amaphini Yabantu eqinisweni uzwakalise ukungabethembi inhloko kahulumeni. UMongameli Boris Yeltsin waphoqeleka ukuba umthume ukwesula konke okuthunyelwe yakhe, futhi usihlalo we Council of Ministers waqokwa Viktor Chernomyrdin.

Ngithanda wazi lokhu okulandelayo: Nokho Gaidar ephethwe Ihlanganisa empilweni akukhona yonke imibono yakhe, kodwa inkambo jikelele ekuthuthukisweni komnotho emakethe e esimweni imisiwe.

Imiphumela ukusetshenziswa ukwelashwa ukushaqeka

Imiphumela Abaningana impela kuyadida yezwe anikeza lo mshini kwezomnotho yokwelapha ukushaqeka eRussia (1992). Ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo esikhathini esifushane abonisa ngokucacile ku nokudlanga imiphumela emibi.

Phakathi kwalezi zenzakalo main enqabayo kudingeka ukwaba nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwamandla emali, asemngceleni ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, sincipha ngokushesha kule imali eyiphinda yangempela kwezakhamuzi nasebunyeni phansi sabantu, ukwanda igebe phakathi yimikhakha ehlukehlukene yomphakathi, falling utshalomali, ukwehla GDP futhi ukukhiqizwa yezimboni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa ukushaqeka Russia lakwazi ukugwema esibi inhlekelele zezenhlalakahle nendlala.

Izizathu ngokwehluleka

Ukuhluleka isihlobo ukusetshenziswa ukwelashwa ukushaqeka eRussia ngenxa yokuthi akubona bonke izakhi kohlelo classical zazilandelwa ncamashi. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokwelapha ukushaqeka kuhilela zokunciphisa emali, kanti eRussia, kunalokho, ifinyelele ngezabelo engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili.

A indima ebalulekile ukwehluleka kwaba iqiniso lokuthi, ngenxa ukwesula kahulumeni Gaidar kwekuhlela kabusha eziningi ungazange sekuphothuliwe esikhathini esifishane, njengoba kudingwa yi-isu yokwelapha ukushaqeka.

imiphumela

Kodwa lubhuntshile uma ukwelashwa ukushaqeka eRussia (1992)? Yesikhathi eside nemiphumela hlelwa kabusha kusadingeka amaphuzu amaningana omuhle. isisekelo indlela emakethe elele, okuyinto, nakuba kungazange kuqale ukusebenza njengoba kahle ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa bavunyelwe ukuyeka izindlela ezindala umyalo-zokuphatha zokuphatha, eside izzhivshimi ngokwabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yathinteka kakhulu cishe ngokuphelele izenzakalo ezinjalo ezimbi njengoba ukusweleka, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1998 kakhulu kwehle izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, esangenza ihlelo ruble.

Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanele ukwelashwa ukushaqeka, ngisho noma hhayi njengoba injalo classical, kwangisiza ukuba ngigxilise umnotho wezwe futhi wadala preconditions ekukhuleni yayo ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi.