Yini ebeka umphakathi njengendlela eguquguqukayo? Izinsisekelo zombuzo

I-sociology iba isayensi eyaziwa kakhulu, njengengxenye yesifundo sezenhlalakahle, esafunda esikoleni. Iyini imfihlo? Yiqiniso, empeleni umphakathi uqala ukwesimanje futhi uthuthukisa isayensi ephathelene nenhlalo yomphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe bezokwaziswa buye phambili, kodwa lokhu akukhanseli inani lemikhakha yabantu.

Umphakathi

Sisho ukuthini uma sithi igama "umphakathi"? Kunezincazelo eziningi ukuthi ungabhala isichazamazwi sonke. Ngokuvamile, simbiza umphakathi njengomuntu wabantu abasizungezile. Noma kunjalo, kunezincazelo ezincane kakhulu kulo mqondo. Isibonelo, ukukhuluma ngezigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwesintu sonke, sibiza umphakathi wenceku, sigcizelela uhlobo lwehlelo olukhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ubuzwe bubuye buvezwe ngalomqondo. Ngakho-ke, bakhuluma ngomphakathi wesiNgisi, beqaphela ukulungiswa nokuqina kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukuveza nokuhlanganyela kokufunda. Ngakho-ke, umphakathi ohloniphekile ekhulwini lokugcina wawubhekwa njengowokuhlonishwa kakhulu. Imigomo yeqembu labantu iboniswa ngalolu mbono ngokucacile. Inhlangano yokuvikelwa kwezilwane ibonisa isethi yabantu abafana nalokho.

Yini ebeka umphakathi njengendlela eguquguqukayo? Futhi yini umphakathi? Ukukhuluma kabanzi ngokubanzi, umphakathi ungabizwa wonke umuntu. Kulesi simo, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi lo mqondo kufanele uhlanganise nesici sokuxhunywa kwemvelo nabantu ababa nomunye nomunye.

Izimpawu zomphakathi

Yini ebeka umphakathi njengendlela eguquguqukayo? Lo mbuzo ungokwemvelo. Futhi kuvela ngoba ixhunywe nesici esilandelayo ekutadisheni isayensi yenhlalo. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi igama elithi "uhlelo" luni. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi, echaza isethi yezinto. Zisodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi zixhumana nomunye nomunye.

Inhlangano yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kungani? Kungenxa yenani lezingxenye nokuxhumana phakathi kwabo. Amayunithi esakhiwo adlala indima ebalulekile lapha. Isistimu emphakathini ivulekile, njengoba ihambisana nalokho okuyizungezile, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa okubonakalayo. Umphakathi uyinto ebonakalayo, ngoba kukhona ngokoqobo. Futhi ekugcineni, umphakathi unamandla. Inhlangano njengendlela eguquguqukayo ibonisa ukuthi kukhona khona ushintsho.

Izinto

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, umphakathi unzima futhi uqukethe izakhi ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinsuku zingahlanganiswa zibe yi-subsystems. Emiphakathini yomphakathi angahlukaniswa nanye kodwa amane. Uma umphakathi njengendlela eguquguqukayo ihlukaniswa uphawu lokuhlukahluka, izinsizakalo ze-subsystems zilingana nemigomo yokuphila. Uhlangothi lwezomnotho lubonisa ngokuyinhloko ukusatshalaliswa, ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla. Isigaba sezombusazwe sibhekene nobuhlobo phakathi kwezizakhamuzi kanye nombuso, inhlangano yamaqembu kanye nokuxhumana kwabo. Ingokomoya lihlotshaniswa nezinguquko zenkolo namasiko, ukudala izinto ezintsha zobuciko. Izenhlalo - emthwalweni wobudlelwane bamakilasi, izizwe kanye nezizinda, kanye nezakhamizi zeminyaka ehlukene nobuchwepheshe.

I-Social Institute

Inhlangano njengendlela eguquguqukayo iveza ukuthuthukiswa kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo zidlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu. Izikhungo zenhlalakahle zikhona kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila, zichaza okukodwa noma kwesinye sezici zayo. Isibonelo, "iphuzu" lokuqala lokuzibandakanya kwengane ngumndeni, iseli eliguqula ukuthambekela kwalo futhi kusize ukuhlala emphakathini. Khona-ke lesi sikole sabelwe, lapho ingane ingafundile kuphela ukuqonda kwezesayensi futhi ithuthukise amakhono, kodwa futhi ijwayele ukusebenzisana nabanye abantu. Izinga eliphakeme ekubuseni kwezikhungo lizobe libhekene nombuso njengesiqiniseko samalungelo ezakhamuzi kanye nesistimu enkulu kakhulu.

Izinto

Yini ebeka umphakathi njengendlela eguquguqukayo? Uma lokhu kunguquko, yiziphi lezo zinto? Okokuqala, izinga eliphezulu. Uma umphakathi uba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukuthuthukiswa kwawo kwenzeka. Kungaba ngamacala ahlukene. Izinto ezithinta lokhu nazo zinezinhlobo ezimbili. Imvelo ibonisa izinguquko ezenzeke ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, indawo, indawo enhle yemvelo kanye nesilinganiso esifanele. Isici sezenhlalakahle sigcizelela ukuthi izinguquko zibangelwa amaphutha abantu kanye nomphakathi abenzile kuwo. Izinguquko azikho ngempela.

Izindlela zokuthuthukiswa

Ukuphendula umbuzo, yikuphi okwenza umphakathi ube yindlela eguquguqukayo, sikhombise ukuthuthukiswa kwawo. Futhi kwenzeka kanjani ngempela? Kunezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala kuthiwa yi-evolutionary. Kusho ukuthi izinguquko azenzeki ngokushesha, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi zide kakhulu. Kancane kancane, umphakathi uyashintsha. Le ndlela ingokwemvelo, ngoba inqubo ingenxa yezizathu eziningana. Enye indlela inguquko. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yi-subjective, ngoba kwenzeka ngokungazelelwe. Akukhona ngaso sonke isikhathi ulwazi olusetshenziselwa isenzo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinguquko. Kodwa ijubane layo lidlula ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo.