Wethempeli lamaHindu eNdiya: izakhiwo, isithombe

Amasiko sesakhiwo India kwamiswa izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka esekelwe eziningi abantu namasiko (ezingaphezu kuka-200), kanti ezihlukahlukene izitayela. wethempeli lamaHindu inomlando iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine ubudala, kodwa namanje ukwakhiwa yayo ingaphansi indlela ku canons ezithile lathumela, eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.

amathempeli lasendulo

Esikhathini Indian lasendulo izakhiwo yezakhiwo eyakhelwe zenkolo nezezwe. kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe i-ukwakhiwa izinkuni nobumba, ngoba abazange sisinde kuze kube sesikhathini sethu. Stone baqale ukwakha kuphela ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa zonke ngokuqinile ngenzile njengakho imibhalo wamaHindu isiko. Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo: kanjani amafomu yezakhiwo wethempeli lamaHindu uye savela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka futhi sengisilethe ifomu okuyinto uyasinda namuhla, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlobo zamasonto.

Nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu wethempeli lamaHindu has izinhlobo ezimbili:

1. Draviliysky isitayela (Dravida), ubulungu okuyinto okusezingeni eliphezulu umbhoshongo ocijile emise, ehlotshiswe izinsika ezibaziweyo ngemifanekiso yamakhosi, onkulunkulu, amaqhawe (isitayela eningizimu yeNdiya). Imikhakha Pyramid ngokuvamile encishisiwe ububanzi phezulu, futhi Dome (shikhara) elise phezulu. amathempeli ezinjalo aphansi ukuphakama. Lezi zihlanganisa Temple Catarman futhi Baijnath.
2. Nagara isitayela (ezivamile izingxenye enyakatho yezwe) - ne kwemibhoshongo ngesimo isifuba (shikhara), eyakhiwa izingqimba eziningana izakhi lathumela, kwaqedwa okuyinto ifana "sigubhu". Isitayela kuhlehlela emuva 5th ekhulwini n .e. At inhliziyo plan ithempeli - isikwele, kodwa izakhi ezihlobisile ngaphakathi ukuhlukana Isikhala kunikeze umuzwa roundness. Engxenyeni kamuva sezakhiwo central (Mandapam) lizungezwe amathempeli amancane, futhi wonke isakhiwo kuba zibukeke sengathi umthombo.

Kukhona esinye isitayela Visara, elihlanganisa tincenye letitsite lezi izitayela ezimbili.

Umehluko omkhulu kulezi zinhlobo amasonto - usayizi amasango: emathempelini enyakatho zazenziwe usayizi encane kakhulu, futhi eningizimu eyakhelwe omkhulu esangweni ezihlotshiswe kahle (Gopuram), ukuvula emnyango emagcekeni ethempeli Indian. Ngokuvamile, lezi amasango ehlotshiswe ukubaza futhi ngesineke.

Kanjani ukwakha abaklami lasendulo

wethempeli lamaHindu eNdiya kwakhiwa elinama ukuthi kukhethwe kuye amathuba wezakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, amathempeli isikhathi Hoysalas 12-13 eminyaka - izindawo zokukhulekela izithombe eziningi futhi izakhi okuhlobisa - zakhiwe plastic soapstone. Ngenxa plasticity itshe kusukela Okugweda lasendulo babengene amathuba omkhulu ukudala imihlobiso emangalisa amathempeli.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Mamalapurama endaweni lapho ithempeli yakhiwe egwadle, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba enze okuhle sokuprakthiza odongeni evele. Amathempeli yayakhiwe ngezitini, nazo zihlukaniswa izici zayo yesitayela.

wethempeli lamaHindu wayezelwe futhi kwakhiwe njengophawu lwesikhathi endlini kaNkulunkulu, bonke olinganise futhi imifanekiso usukwenzile njalo ngokuvumelana canons. ezithakazelisayo Ikakhulukazi kuyindlela lapho ifomu yezakhiwo wethempeli lamaHindu ukukhiqiza kabusha izimiso eziyisisekelo zesayensi Vastu Shastra, isayensi ezakhiwo ukwakha isakhiwo amasonto. Izimiso kwale sayensi isungule umakhi edume Vishvakarman, manje esibizwa ingcweti saphezulu.

Okunhlobonhlobo amathempeli lasendulo

Amathempeli izakhiwo zasendulo impela kungenziwa zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

1. Single-storey ezincane ngesimo umbuthano noma isikwele, ngaphandle superstructure.
2. Amathempeli like emigedeni, ngokuvamile olulodwa storey isakhiwo Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba oyindilinga.
3. amade (6-12 izibuya) eyakhelwe ngesimo entabeni emhlabeni, elalihlotshiswe superstructure-Shikhar.

uhlelo induiststkogo ethempelini ngokuvamile uvezwa ngesimo mandalas (imidvwebo weJiyomethri abanekhono, kodwa amakhono esikhoselweni). Movement ikholwa ethempelini kufanele ibhekiswe kusukela ngaphandle kuya ngaphakathi, maphakathi. Futhi okholwayo iya ngokuqondile kodwa ngendlela ezungezayo, ngokusebenzisa "ezinye amasango, amavesi," futhi ngendlela has ukulahla zonke engadingekile, ukuza izisekelo khona.

Sakhiwo sangekhatsi ethempelini

wethempeli lamaHindu, yangekhulu 6th ekhulwini BC. e., it has a plan esehlanganise uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli ezilandelayo, ulawula yonke imicikilisho elingaphakathi zenkolo.

I mhlobiso kwe-altare ethempelini kungokwalabo shrine (garbha graha), phezu kwalokho umbhoshongo (shikhara) yayakhiwe. Eceleni kwe-altare endlini yomhlangano, balandela - anti-ikamelo nomnyango kuvulandi.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela esontweni - the Garbhagriha engcwele emelela square, umnyango okumelelwe endimeni ethile eyodwa emincane futhi ongaphakeme, iminyango namafasitela egumbini akudingeki (futhi ezimnyama). Maphakathi uvezwa unkulunkulu. Babalelwa ku-ke luyisifundo isiyingi lapho ethembekileyo enze parikrama.

Amavesi uxhuma engcwele ihholo elikhulu (Mukhamandapa). Futhi kukhona ndima ewumngcingo Antarala (mgodi). Mandapa esetshenziselwa emikhosini yenkolo, ngoba igumbi Yakhiwa ngezinye izikhathi mikhulu, ukubeka wonke ethembekile.

Ngaphambi kokuba angene kulelo thempeli ngokuvamile isilwane (nge ukubaza noma isithombe ifulege) lapho ithempeli elalinikezelwe. Lokhu kungaba inkunzi (Shiva Temple), ingonyama (Umama Goddess Temple), indoda ikhanda lenyoni (emathempelini Vishnu). Temple, avame manje nayo yayibiyelwe ngodonga ongaphakeme. Ngaphakathi kocingo zingafakwa shrine onkulunkulu.

inkolo Hinduism

Hinduism - a lwasendulo inkolo kazwelonke, ekuhlanganiseni isiko kanye nezikole yefilosofi India. Ngokusho le nkolo, izwe (samsara) uchungechunge ukuzalwa ehlanganisa abavamile futhi nsuku zonke, futhi nangale iqiniso, okuyinto libuswa Absolute.

Noma ubani ku Hinduism njengoba uzama ukuphula aphume ezweni futhi banamathele Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela ukufezekisa lokhu - yokuzithiba ukuphika bese ukuzila. Karma - ke wenza ukonakala esandulele (okuhle nokubi), kanye division zibe castes nayo ezihlobene karma ethile.

Eyabaningi onkulunkulu wamaHindu kancane kancane wathatha endaweni eyinhloko labo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• unkulunkulu Brahma, owadala futhi ubusa leli zwe;
• unkulunkulu Vishnu, osiza abantu izinhlekelele ezahlukene;
• esabekayo unkulunkulu uShiva, abezindaba ukuthi idale iphinde futhi abhubhise amandla cosmic.

Amathempeli, eliqoshwe emihumeni

wethempeli lamaHindu ezibaziweyo ngokuphelele amadwala emvelo - isibonelo ubuhle kanye ukwehluka amasu kwezobuciko futhi yokwakha. Art kwavela izakhiwo eqoshiwe ngokuqondene izici Geological isimo sezwe. Omele bhá we dwala kuyinto Kailasa ithempeli ithempeli ithempeli Ellora, which busisa Shiva. Zonke izingxenye isonto ogawulelwé ku ukushuba amadwala eminyakeni embalwa. Kucatshangwa ethempelini eqoshwe inqubo eyenziwa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi.

Ithempeli sezindela etholakala eduze 34 ngokuthi Ellora Caves, ubude zalezi zakhiwo phezu 2 km. Zonke zezindela namathempeli ezibaziweyo edwaleni le-basalt. Ithempeli kuyinto omele eliqavile isitayela Dravidian. Olinganise isakhiwo eqoshiwe ukubaza itshe ukuthi kuhlobisa ethempelini yisibonelo ubuciko ephakeme Okugweda lasendulo kanye netingcweti temsebenti.

Ngaphakathi ethempelini kukhona igceke ezinhlangothini okuyizinto 3 storey Arcade elinamakholomu. On the zokudlala ezibaziweyo iphaneli sculptural nge onkulunkulu bamanga ezinkulu wamaHindu. Ngaphambili, kwakukhona amabhuloho itshe yokuxhuma igalari phakathi nendawo, kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya gravity bawa.

Ngaphakathi ethempelini kukhona izakhiwo ezimbili: inkunzi uNandi ethempelini Mandapa nethempeli eyinhloko Shiva (kokubili 7 m ukuphakama), ingxenye engezansi okuyinto lihlotshiswe ezitsheni itshe, futhi ezansi kuthiwa izindlovu, asekelwe kuwo womabili isakhiwo ngokwaso.

Stone ukubaza kanye bas-Imifanekiso

Indima umhlobiso sculptural wethempeli lamaHindu (esibonisa emhlabeni kwezilwane nokuphila okuvamile kwabantu abavamile, izigcawu ezinganekwaneni basezinganekwaneni, izimpawu zenkolo nonkulunkulu) is ukukhunjuzwa umbukeli kanye ethembekile okuphathelene ngenjongo yokuphila futhi khona kweqiniso.

Kwangaphandle Decor ethempelini ibonisa ubuhlobo baso nezwe futhi amaphuzu ngamakamelo ukuba ukuxhumana nezwe saphezulu. Uma ubheka i-izakhi okuhlobisa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, it is uyifunde njengoba sekwenza saphezulu kubantu, futhi siye ohlangothini kusukela phansi kuya phezulu - emqansweni umoya womuntu ezindaweni eziphakemeyo saphezulu.

Zonke umhlobiso sculptural zibaluleke impumelelo kwamasiko nenkolo namasiko eNdiya yasendulo.

amathempeli Buddhist

Buddhism kule nkulungwane yeminyaka sandile emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa umsuka inhlangano yenkolo kuba e-India. amathempeli Buddhist zakhelwe ngendlela ezifana ukuqaphela nje 'imicebo ezintathu "(Buddha, izimfundiso zakhe futhi umphakathi Buddhist).

ethempelini lamaBuddha - isakhiwo, indawo pilgrimage kanye olwenzeka endaweni izindela, okuyinto ivikelwe ngokuphelele nanoma yimaphi amathonya zangaphandle (imisindo, enephunga, nokuzwa, njll). Konke insimu yalo imbozwe ngokuphelele phezu by eziqinile namasango.

Emaphakathi ingxenye yethempeli - the "Golden Hall" (Condo), noma lapho kukhona isithombe Buddha isithombe. Kukhona mbhoshongo, elibamba izinsalela umzimba Buddha yasemhlabeni, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa 3-5 storeys ukuthunqa insika main maphakathi (ngoba izinsalela ngaphansi noma phezu). izakhiwo Monumental Buddhist amathempeli ahlotshiswe kunothile yayinamakhothamo, amakholomu, imifanekiso - konke ngokuzinikela Buddha.

Adume kakhulu amathempeli Buddhist eNdiya elise Maharashtra:

• Ajanta (emhumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezigodlweni).
• Ellora lapho adjoin Buddhist eduze, amaHindu (imigede 34: 17 - wamaHindu, 12 - Buddhist).
• Mahabodhi (lapho ukuguqulwa legend ezenzeka esikhathini Buddha Gautam USiddhartha) nabanye.

ethandwa kakhulu e-India abe Stupa Buddhist - ukwakhiwa, kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ukuze abanye umcimbi yisakhiwo sodumo wenkolo yobuBuddha, izinsalela nabantu abavelele agcinwa lapho. Ngokusho yetinsita stupas abasezweni of ngokuvumelana nokuchuma, ithonya yonke.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke wethempeli lamaHindu eNdiya

It Akshardham Temple e Delhi kuyinto isakhiwo esikhulukazi, elalinikezelwe isiko wamaHindu nengokomoya. Lelibandla yesimanje yakhiwa ngamatshe pink ngo-2005, ngokwemibiko ye-canons lasendulo. Ngo ukwakhiwa yayo abathintekayo ababazi 7,000 nezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla.

Ithempeli ethwele ayisishiyagalolunye domes (ukuphakama 42 m), ke lihlotshiswe namakholomu (Imininingwane 234), lapho kuboniswa izibalo asuselwa ezinganekwaneni wamaHindu nezindlovu 148 kusuka itshe labekwa phezu azungezwe, kanye nezinye izilwane, izinyoni kanye nezibalo womuntu. Ubukhulu bayo omkhulu bavunyelwe ulifake ku-Guinness Book of Records.