Uyini izakhi zamakhemikhali? Uhlelo kanye nobuntu adi-

Kuningi ezahlukene kanye netintfo, Animate nemizimba emvelo angaphili elisizungezile. Futhi konke ukuqanjwa kwawo, isakhiwo, izakhiwo. Ngo eziphilayo nezidalwa uqhubeke ukusabela eziyinkimbinkimbi kwamakhemikhali ezihambisana izinqubo zokuphila. esidunjini imisebenzi ehlukene ngokwemvelo futhi biomass eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukwakheka kwama-molecule futhi athomu.

Kodwa zonke kanye izinto kule planethi abe esivamile: zenziwe izinhlayiya eziningi ezincane kwesakhiwo ngokuthi athomu ezakhi zamakhemikhali. Kuyinto encane ukuze ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama akakuboni kubo. Uyini izakhi zamakhemikhali? Iziphi izici banayo futhi kwaba kanjani ukuqaphela zavela kanjani? Zama ukuqonda.

Umqondo izakhi zamakhemikhali

Eqondayo ezivamile adi- - kuyinto nje sokuqhafaza ukubonisa ama-athomu. I izinhlayiya ezenza konke okukhona endaweni yonke. Yilowo mbuzo "kuyini adi-" anganikeza impendulo. Lokhu izakhiwo ezincane eziyinkimbinkimbi zonke isotopes ka ngokuhlakaza ama-athomu, lohlanganisiwe igama ezivamile kokuba uphawu yayo sokuqhafaza (uhlamvu).

Namuhla izakhi mayelana 118 eyaziwa ebonakalayo kokubili vivo kanye synthetically ngokwenza ukusabela yenuzi zokuwohloka enemisebe ka nuclei nezinye ama-athomu. Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini iqoqo izici, zikuphi uhlelo jikelele, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo indaba negama, futhi wenza indima ubunjalo kanye nokuphila ezintweni eziphilayo. Lolu cwaningo lezi zici ukwenza ngaphandle isayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. izakhi zamakhemikhali - isisekelo ukwakhiwa zishintshe kokubili compounds elula eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokusebenzisana ngaleyo ndlela zamakhemikhali.

Umlando yokutholakala

kanye ukuqonda izakhi ukuthi amakhemikhali, kumane ekhulwini XVII ngomsebenzi Boyle. Nguye owokuqala bakhuluma ngale umqondo walinika ncazelo elandelayo. Le into encane indivisible elula, lapho kukhona konke, kuhlanganise wonke eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngaphambi lo msebenzi yayibuswa imibono alchemy, thina abamukela imfundiso yokuziphendukela izakhi ezine - Empidokla no-Aristotle, kanye evulekile 'ukuqala ezivuthayo "(sulphur), futhi" ekuqaleni metal "(mercury).

Cishe bonke ekhulwini XVIII linwetshelwe theory yokuphambuka ngokuphelele phlogiston. Nokho, ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, Antuan Loran Lavuaze wabonisa ukuthi untenable. It iphindwa ekwakhiweni Boyle, kodwa uqeda umzamo zayo zokuqala nokumisa zonke laziwa izakhi isikhathi, ukuzidayisa ngemacembu ezine: izinsimbi ezizivelelayo emhlabeni nonmetals.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo enkulu ekuqondeni indlela izakhi zamakhemikhali, okwenza Dalton. Yena udumo kokutholakala mass athomu. Kulesi sisekelo, it ihambisa ingxenye izakhi zamakhemikhali eyaziwa ukuze okwandayo mass athomu.

ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane okusheshayo isayensi nobuchwepheshe ikuvumela ukuba wenze eziningi ezitholwe izakhi ezintsha lichaza ekwakheni emizimbeni zemvelo. Ngakho ngo-1869 - zendalo olukhulu isikhathi D. I. Mendeleeva - isayensi bezwa khona izakhi 63. Umsebenzi usosayensi isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ngezigaba wokuqala ephelele futhi kuze kube phakade esungulwe elandayo lalezi zinhlobo.

Isakhiwo izakhi zamakhemikhali ngesikhathi engakaze isungulwe. Kukholakala ukuthi i-athomu kuyinto indivisible, kuba iyunithi kulencane. Nge kokutholakala radioactivity okuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ukulawuleka. Cishe ngaleyo ndlela bonke khona ngesimo isotopes zemvelo eziningana (izinhlayiya ezifanayo kodwa ngenombolo ezahlukene neutrons izakhiwo, okuyinto kuhluka mass-athomu). Ngakho-ke, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, waphumelela ekutholeni i-oda umqondo yesici zamakhemikhali.

Uhlelo izakhi zamakhemikhali

Ngesisekelo usosayensi ukubeka umehluko mass atomic iphethwe ngendlela brilliant ukuhlela zonke chemical izakhi eyaziwa ukuze okwandayo. Nokho, ukujula Ukukhalipha yakhe yokucabanga yesayensi nokubona izinto kusengaphambili kwaba ukuthi UMendeleyev washiya isikhala blank kusistimu yakho, amaseli evulekile kuzinto engakaziwa kuze kube manje, okuyinto, ngokusho ososayensi, eyovulwa esikhathini esizayo.

Futhi konke zaphumela ncamashi njengoba asho. Izakhi amakhemikhali isikhathi gqwa ezigcwele zonke sezitokisi ezingenalutho. ngamunye wabikezela ososayensi isakhiwo uvulekele. Kepha manje siyakuthi kugcwale umlomo ukuthi lesi simiso izakhi zamakhemikhali imelelwa amayunithi 118. Nokho, kule minyaka emithathu ukuvulwa ingakamiswa kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni.

Ngu uqobo, lesi simiso izakhi zamakhemikhali ukuboniswa imidwebo etafuleni lapho izakhi ahlelwe ngokuvumelana nezici zabo phezulu uyala cores nezici kwesakhiwo amagobolondo electron-atom amancanyana. Ngakho, kukhona nezikhathi (7 izingcezu) - imigqa ovundlile, amaqembu (8 izingcezu) - iqembu sub-mpo, (kwamakhamera ocingo sideline ngaphakathi kweqembu ngalinye). Ngokuvamile eceleni ezingqimbeni engezansi etafuleni okufakiwe ezimbili zezitokisi ezingu-imindeni - the lanthanides futhi actinides.

uhlelo Mendeleev sika gqwa uqukethe lonke ulwazi olufanele mayelana izakhi zamakhemikhali (inombolo ye-serial, inombolo mass, igama, ngezinye izikhathi ezidlule izingqimba isakhiwo electronic).

amagama ingxenye

Ilungelo ukunikeza igama esethiwa lona nomuntu owenze kokutholakala isici zamakhemikhali. Abaningi zibizwa amaplanethi (i-uranium, plutonium, neptunium). Abanye banikezwa igama yokudumisa izazi ezinkulu (mendelevium, uRutherford, Copernicium nabanye).

izakhi avame ukuqanjwa emadolobheni kanye namazwe (ruthenium, germanium, Dubna, eFrance, eYurophu kanye nabanye). Isithembiso nakumkhonza namaqhawe basenganekwaneni (inkinobho yegundane esebenza njalo). Libuye Kuyaziwa lapho igama elithile unikezwa phezu izakhiwo ezaboniswa izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi yesici okunikeziwe (i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-carbon).

Amagama abhalwe ezincwadini isiLatini, kodwa izwe lethu kukhona ukuhumusha Russian yalo ehlukahlukene yokubiza amagama abo sigxilile. Uphawu element ngayinye ubhekwa uhlamvu lokuqala egameni lesi Latin, noma lokuqala futhi iyiphi okwalandela. ISIBONELO: calcium (Ca) - I-calcium, boron (B) - boron.

Isici ama-athomu chemical isici

ummeleli ngamunye kohlelo gqwa has izici zayo siqu e isakhiwo nasesikhathini izakhiwo asathuthuka. Isici chemical isici sakhiwa ukuhlaziywa yokwakheka nucleus futhi electronic yayo izingqimba kanye nencazelo into elula, kodwa akhiwa futhi compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukwakheka nucleus ama-athomu ye izakhi zamakhemikhali kuhlanganisa sebuningini izinhlayiya - nucleons:

• proton sokunquma ukushaja omuhle (p ^+1), futhi ingxenye yoquqaba-athomu;
• neutrons ezithinta inombolo mass timphawu nokuba ngaphandle kwemali (n ^0).

Olunye uhlobo izinhlayiya - electron. Bona ukuhamba core futhi ube necala ezimbi (e ^-1). ukuma kwabo akuyona senhlekelele, kodwa wabadonsa ngendlebe. Basuke esisogwini orbitals (s, p, d f), akha sublevels futhi amazinga (electronic izingqimba).

Ungqimba athomu element yakhiwa proton kanye neutrons, isiqalo nesigcino yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "inombolo mass". Isibalo proton kuchazwa kakhulu ukumane - ke uyalingana neenomborosikhundla kwalesi sakhi ohlelweni. Futhi njengoba i-athomu e jikelele - uhlelo electroneutral, isb nge noyedwa icala, inani electron ezimbi njalo ilingana nenani omuhle izinhlayiya proton.

Ngakho, izici isici chemical kungenziwa eyanikezwa isikhundla salo uhlelo gqwa. Ngemva iseli kuchazwa cishe konke: inombolo ye-serial, okusho ukuthi electron nama-proton, isisindo yama-athomu (value isilinganiso zonke isotopes ekhona timphawu). It kungabonakala lapho kuboniswa isakhiwo (yingakho electron uzobe elise izingqimba eziningi). Kungenzeka futhi ukuba sibikezele inani izinhlayiya negative kuya yokugcina ezingeni amandla walezinto iqembu main - ke ilingana nenani iqembu lapho nto itholakala.

inani neutrons ingabalwa ngokukhipha kusukela nenqwaba proton, okusho ukuthi inombolo ye-serial. Ngakho, singakwazi ukuthola futhi yenze umhlaba wonke electron umumo womsebenzi ifomula for element ngayinye ukuba ncamashi kubonise isimo sawo futhi ubonise kungenzeka sezingeni namachibi futhi ubukisa izakhiwo.

izakhi Distribution ngokwemvelo

Ucwaningo lolu daba bekulokhu isayensi - i-chemistry isikhala. Idatha abonisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa izakhi emhlabeni ilandela inkambo efanayo endaweni yonke. Umthombo oyinhloko nuclei ukukhanya, ama-athomu esindayo naphakathi kukhona ukusabela zenuzi ezenzeka izinkanyezi - nucleosynthesis. Ngenxa yalezi zinhlelo, yonke futhi emkhathini abahlinzeke iplanethi yethu nakho konke izakhi zamakhemikhali etholakalayo.

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange-118 abamele owaziwa imithombo yemvelo, abantu batholakala 89. Kubalulekile, ama-athomu ezivamile. izakhi zamakhemikhali nazo kwemiqondo eyayenziwe ngu-neutron bombardment ka nuclei (nucleosynthesis ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri).

Ezinye zezinto eziningi amaningi abhekwa njengokudla izinto ezilula izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen. Carbon likhona zonke izinto eziphilayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho nako onesikhundla ehamba phambili.

Ukwahlukanisa isakhiwo electronic zama-athomu

Omunye ngeengaba ezivame kakhulu zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali - ukusatshalaliswa kubo ngesisekelo isakhiwo electronic. Ngu kanjani amazinga angakanani amandla kufakwe igobolondo le-athomu kanye equkethe zokugcina zazo electron Valence, kunamaqembu ezine izakhi.

S-izakhi

Kuyinto labo lapho yokugcina ligcwele ama-esemkhathini. Lo mndeni kuhlanganisa izici leqembu lokuqala iqembu main (noma izinsimbi alikhali). omunye electron ezingeni yangaphandle kuphela ichaza izindawo ezifanayo ngabameli kokubili ejenti enamandla ukunciphisa.

P-izakhi

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange izicucu 30. Valence electron esisogwini p-sublayer. Lawa izakhi ukuthi zakha subgroups eyinhloko eyesithathu eqenjini lwesishiyagalombili ezihlobene 3,4,5,6 nezikhathi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona kokubili izinsimbi kanye ejwayelekile metallic izakhi phezu izakhiwo.

d-f-izakhi futhi izakhi

Lolu shintsho izinsimbi kusuka 4 kuya ku-7 isikhathi eside. izinto 32 isiyonke. izinto ezilula kungenza abonise izakhiwo kokubili esidi eyisisekelo (namachibi nokwehlisa). Futhi, amphoteric, webumbacambili isb.

K f-umndeni ihlanganisa lanthanides futhi actinides, lapho ama-electron kukhona olokugcina f-orbitals.

Izinto ezakhiwe izakhi: elula

Futhi, wonke amakilasi of izakhi zamakhemikhali uyakwazi ekhona ngesimo compounds lelula nobe lelukhuni. Ngakho, elula kubhekwe ukuba lezo akhiwa isakhiwo esifanayo eziningi ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, O ₂ - noma umoya-mpilo dioxygen futhi O ₃ - i-ozone. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi allotropes.

izakhi Simple chemical obumba igama elifanayo kuhlanganisa sici for omele kohlelo gqwa ngamunye. Kodwa akuzona zonke belingana umbukiso izakhiwo. Ngakho, kukhona elula izidakamizwa izinsimbi kanye nonmetals. I subgroups yokuqala enkulu akha iqembu 1-3 nabo bonke subgroups kuthebula ohlangothini. Non-okusansimbi lwakha iqeqebana enkulu amaqembu 4-7. Izakhi eziyisisekelo eziyisishiyagalombili ibaluleke - amagesi yizicukuthwane noma inert.

Phakathi kwabo bonke labo evulekile ku izakhi elula eyaziwa namuhla ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile yamagesi 11, uketshezi izinto 2 (uxhumano lokudlulisa futhi mercury), kanye nazo zonke ezinye - okuqinile.

compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuze labo wamukela bonke, okuyinto aqukethe ezimbili noma ngaphezulu izakhi zamakhemikhali. Izibonelo mass, ngoba amakhemikhali zingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2! Lokhu nosawoti, oxides, acid lezisekelo zalo, eziyinkimbinkimbi compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi, zonke izinto eziphilayo.