UNikolai Maclay: Biography emfushane

"Ungene ngowokuqala ... thina kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abantu yonke indawo indoda" - la mazwi L. N. UTolstoy ake usosayensi abasha kakhulu UNikolai Maclay Miklouho-. Biography of lokhu isihambi abadumile Kuyathakazelisa ngakho, ofundiwe umoya. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ngokuvamile ababemenyelwe ezigodlo, ngakho watshela ama-asebukhosini zokuphila kwakhe phakathi kwaboMdabu saseNew Guinea.

Maclay: A Biography (umndeni ebuntwaneni)

Ngokuzayo isihambi ezidumile futhi ethnographer wazalwa ngo-July 17, 1846 edolobhaneni neziLimi sifundazwe Novgorod, emndenini zasebukhosini. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo yena nonina, abafowabo nodadewabo ngokuvamile liyasuswa endaweni endaweni, kulandela uyise, owayeyilungu unjiniyela ujantshi. Ekupheleni 1856 lo yomkhaya waqokwa ikhanda kokwakhiwa Vyborg onguthelawayeka. Ngesikhathi Nicholas Maclay Sr kwaba kakade nezibi onesifuba somoya, kodwa isethwe ukuthi isebenze umsebenzi omusha ngentshiseko. Lokhu ekugcineni niphihlizwe impilo yakhe, wafa ngemva konyaka eneminyaka engu-41.

Njengoba imali umndeni etshaliwe emalini, nomfelokazi yayiziphilisa ngokudweba amamephu, wakwazi ukunikeza izingane imfundo esezingeni elifanele, simema othisha endlini. Waze waqasha ababonge uthisha art abavule UNikolai ikhono kwezobuciko.

Isifundo esikoleni esiphakeme

UNikolai Maclay, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako egcwele izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo, 1858, kanye nomfowabo omdala Sergei kwavunyelwana ibanga lokuqala esikoleni "Annenschule". Nokho, ngokushesha laba bafana wancenga umama wakhe ukuhumusha wabayisa sokuzivocavoca breech. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lo mfelokazi bafaka isicelo yokwemukela amadodana kwamadoda asebukhosini, ngokuhambisana elisezingeni nomyeni wakhe ongasekho, ukunikeza ilungelo elinjalo.

Okwesibili Petersburg Isikolo samabanga aphezulu Nikolay Mikluha wafunda kabi kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile truant. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba lula, washintshelwa Class 5.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-15, ngesikhathi ukuboniswa umfundi UNikolai waboshwa, futhi kanye nabanye abafana besikole nomfowabo Sergei ababegqunywe ngamaNazi kuleli uPetru noPawulu Fortress. Nokho, ngemva ezimbalwa izinsuku intsha badedelwa, njengoba IKhomishane Yophenyo kubhekwe ukuthi uboshiwe ngephutha.

Ukutadisha eNyuvesi

Ehlobo lika-1863, uNicholas kwesokunxele sokuzivocavoca. Waveza nesifiso sokungenela Academy of Arts, kodwa umama wayo akwazi ukukhuluma naye aphume.

Ngo-September 1863 kwafika insizwa ethile wajoyina sokuzithandela eMoscow University of Physics and Mathematics sasiyingxenye kungenzeka ngisho ngaphandle idokhumenti ukuqeda Yiqiniso sokuzivocavoca. Ngesikhathi elapho wayesebenza wesayensi kanzima zemvelo, kuhlanganise physiology.

Phakathi imibuthano inyuvesi, owawuse-1864, uNicholas owazama ukubamba isakhiwo ofunda naye ekilasini lakhe ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca Sufschinskogo. Bagcinwa ngabaphethe, umfana avinjwe ukuya emakilasini.

Uma kuba sobala ukuthi u-Nicholas ngeke ukwazi ukuthola imfundo ephakeme e Russia, Unina wavuma ukuthumela umfana ukufunda phesheya eJalimane. Ngemva sizi eside, le nsizwa yakwazi ukuthola ipasipoti phesheya ngo-Ephreli 1864.

Ukuphila Germany

UNikolai Maclay (Biography of the usosayensi ngokuphindaphindiwe kushintshwe phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet) emva yokwemukela University of Heidelberg eyayihilelekile izingxabano zezombusazwe phakathi lapho abafundi ekolishi Russian elihlobene ne nemibono engafani ezindabeni kwavukelwa Polish. njengoba umama wakhe wayesebenza ngoxoxisana indodana yakhe ukuba badede ezombusazwe futhi abe unjiniyela ezinhle. Eziphambene nezifiso zobusha bakhe, kanye izinkulumo eembalweni, waqala ukuya emakilasini ezifundweni nomphakathi.

Ehlobo lika-1865, uNicholas Maclay idluliselwe (Biography of insizwa eyaziwa kahle ngokwanele), University of Leipzig. Lapho, yena wajoyina ubuhlakani, lapho abaphathi abaqeqeshiwe emkhakheni wezolimo namahlathi.

Ngemva kokulalela khona ngonyaka 4th, waya Jena ngahlanganyela Faculty of Medicine, lapho afundela khona iminyaka engu-3.

Lolu hambo ukuze abantu abalisebenzisayo eziQhingini zaseCanary

Entwasahlobo ka-1866, umqondisi yesayensi UNikolai E. Haeckel wanquma ukuvakashela Sicily ngenhloso kokufunda nezilwane ngamazwe aseMedithera nase wammemela uvakashele umfundi zakhe azikhonzile umsizi. Impi ophoqelelwe ukuba ushintshe indlela, futhi le nsizwa yayingumuntu eNgilandi, lapho ehlangana nge Darwin ngokwakhe. Khona-ke abahlanganyeli bomkhankaso ngomkhumbi Madeira abese Santa Cruz esiqhingini Tenerife.

Bendzawo uthethe ososayensi ngoba nabathakathi. Lapho beqeda iqembu lososayensi, eyayihlanganisa futhi Maclay, safinyelela Morocco. Lapho, Nikolai kwaba ukutadisha ukuphila we Berbers futhi wabuyela Jena ngoMeyi 1867.

kwezesayensi

Ngo Jena NN Maclay (biography ebusheni ethulwa ngenhla) futhi kwaba Haeckel umsizi. Ehlobo lika-1867, wanyathelisa isihloko sakhe sokuqala yesayensi kule "Journal of Jena imithi futhi ngesayensi yemvelo." Yayisayinwe "Maclay".

Ngemva konyaka, le nsizwa iziqu Faculty of University of Jena futhi iye uwukhuthalele umsebenzi ngokwesayensi. Kokunye yezingxoxo zikaCharles, wabeka phambili umbono wokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamangqamuzana, isb. E. Inguquko kusuka owaqalwa eziphilayo kuya nezinye izinhlobo, kodwa akusho lokho ngempela aphakeme.

Lolu hambo e-Italy futhi oLwandle Olubomvu

Ngemva ukwehluleka kwemizamo eminingi yilungu bomkhankaso polar Maclay (Biography of zokuphila kwakhe ethulwa ngezansi neminyaka yokugcina) waya Sicily nge sezilwane Anton Dohrn-Darwinist.

E-Italy, umhloli wamazwe odumile esizayo efundile ekupheleni kokwakhiwa Suez Canal , futhi wanquma ukutadisha nezilwane yasoLwandle Olubomvu.

Ngemva kokuxoxa nomninikhaya eGibhithe, lapho achitha khona iminyaka lokunengi ucwaningo, usosayensi waya Russia, lapho afika khona ehlobo lika-1869.

Amalungiselelo bomkhankaso ngowokuqala New Guinea

Bebhekene abanezihlobo ngaleso sikhathi wahlala e Saratov, Nikolai Maclay (Biography of the usosayensi kamuva yahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana) ngaya dolobha wakhuluma izingqungquthela eziningi zesayensi. Ngokushesha, wayemuhle ku ezinhlwini Russian Umphakathi Geographical futhi yakwamukela okusalungiswa bomkhankaso yena athunyelwe ku ePacific Ocean.

May 21, 1870 uNgqongqoshe Marine Crabbe uthe uthole imvume ukuletha Maclay eliphakeme eBatavia phezu corvette "Vityaz".

Maclay UNikolai: Biography emfushane kwesikhathi zokuphila kulezi ziqhingi ngo-Pacific Ocean

Ukuhamba we "Vityaz" owawuse-November 8, 1870. EBrazil, Maclay ngenkathi evakashele esibhedlela sendawo futhi wahlanganyela ukuhlolwa abamnyama zabo bobubili ubulili.

Ka-July 21, "The Knight" zifika eTahiti. Esiqhingini Maclay uthenge red Calico, izinaliti, izindwani, insipho ezathola izipho ezivela Jossan umbhishobhi.

Khona isihambi waya e-Apia, lapho wabaqashwa ezimbili: itilosi Sweden Olsen kanye bomdabu ezisencane Klitschko. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, usosayensi nabasizi bakhe bafika lapho uya khona wokugcina wohambo lwabo. Maclay (Biography emfushane usosayensi njengengelosi inoveli adventure) ifike ne wabasizi bakhe futhi ehambela lesi sigodi. Bonke abahlali bendawo bathatha isikhathi ukuze izithende zakhe kodwa namaMelanesia okuthiwa Tui ngubani esikhathini esizayo waba umlamuleli phakathi amalungu umkhankaso nayo abomdabu.

Ezinyangeni zokuqala bendawo iphathwa zifiki warily, kodwa ngo-1872 Maclay (biography iDemo abakwazi ukunikeza isithombe ephelele yokuphila kwakhe, egcwele adventure) wamukelwa njengomngani.

Hlola indawo isihambi yaqamba igama layo ngokuthi. Ngakho kumephu izwe livele Coast Maclay.

Eyesibili uhambo New Guinea

Disemba 24 emkhunjini "Emerald" Usosayensi othile washiya New Guinea. Ngemva kwesikhashana wafika Hong Kong, lapho lofundziwe mayelana bayamsola umcwaningi enkazimulweni Papuans. Ngemva kuyiwe eBatavia Maclay waya umkhankaso wesibili kuya Papuans lawela e Ambon, January 2, 1874. Elapho waqala ukulwa no-kuyiqiniso.

Ngo-May 1875, usosayensi wabhalela uMbusi u-Alexander II nesicelo ukuthatha ngaphansi kwesivikelo AboMdabu base-Australia saseNew Guinea, futhi wathola ukusabela kabi.

Ngemva kokuhlala izinyanga 17 esiqhingini, Maclay saya e-Australia. Kube Miklouho- Maclay wakwazi kuthakazelise wendawo iziphathimandla inhlangano project esiteshini yemvelo Bay Watsons Bay. Njengoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqoqa lemali edingekayo, usosayensi waphinda waya Yezilwandle ZaseNingizimu.

Ngo-Melanesia

Ekuqaleni 1880, isihambi lawela kuleli qoqo leziqhingi Louisiade, kodwa kukhona yaphathwa imfiva kanye ngokuyisimangaliso yasizwa zevangeli wamthatha eBrisbane. Ngemva konyaka Maclay wabuyela Sydney salibangisa Marine Biological Station.

Nokho, wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuvikela labantu New Guinea. Ikakhulukazi, ukuthi angenelele ilondolozwe kusuka kubhuqwe emzaneni Australia, ezinye izithunywa zevangeli ezintathu kwabulawa eduze kwayo.

Ukubuyela e-Russia, futhi evakashele eYurophu

Sydney Maclay (Biography emfushane usosayensi ayinazo ulwazi mayelana zothando yakhe kudlula ngokushesha) wahlangana nomfelokazi Margaret Robertson Clark - indodakazi i izikhulu ezibalulekile wamakoloni, yena waqala romance. Nokho, kwadingeka ukuba ayeke intombi ngibuyele eRussia, lapho afika khona ngo-January 1882. Kube walinda nge ezikwenza uphelelwe isineke, futhi izinkulumo zakhe zaba impumelelo enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihambi wethulwa Alexander III, azinza yezinkinga zayo zemali.

yempilo kwaholela Maclay yokuyokwelashelwa eYurophu. Phakathi nalolo hambo, wathola incwadi evela Margaret Clark, eyayithi wavumelana emshadweni ne nososayensi. Nokho, kunokuba ukuya ozithandayo, usosayensi okwesithathu wavakashela New Guinea. Elapho Sadumala, njengoba abangane bakhe abaningi bafa Papuans. Maclay esesifundazweni Bong izitshalo horticultural - umango, breadfruit, orange, lemon zekhofi. Nokho, naphezu izicelo ezivela Papuans, wabashiya, ezithembisa ukubuyela.

umshado

Juni 10, 1883, uNicholas Maclay wabuyela eSydney futhi zizokwenza izinkinga azihlanganisa nesiphelo umshado phakathi kwakhe kanye Clark amaProthestani. Februwari 27, 1884 bashada, futhi yabo izibulo wazalwa ngo Novemba - indodana ka-Alexander.

Buyela eRussia, futhi ukufa

Emva kokuthola oda ukuba kukhululwe isakhiwo eziphilayo Station Maclay wanquma ukuphindela ezweni lakubo futhi safika e-Odessa-mid-entwasahlobo ka-1886. Ososayensi Russian baye bazama ukufeza inhlangano amakoloni iphrojekthi Izindawo phezu Maclay Coast, kodwa izinhlelo bakhe baya nenkinga enkulu.

Ngo-1887, impilo isihambi abadumile waqhubeka ewohloka. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wakwazi ukuletha umndeni eRussia. Nokho, isifo (njengoba Kwatholakala ukuthi umdlavuza), waqhubeka, kwathi ngo-April 1988 Nicholas Maclay (Biography emfushane ngawe kakade) wafa.

emngcwabeni

Esikhathini Uhambo lokugcina isihambi wachitha ososayensi abaningi ababevelele isikhathi namalungu Russian Umphakathi Geographical. Maclay wembelwa le volkov emathuneni eduze uyise udadewabo Olga.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi ngobani Maclay UNikolai. Biography emfushane ekhuluma ngokubusiswa komuntu, ngisho ifomu onomfutho uthatha eziningi Amakhasi, njengoba waphila, kuyinto enothe ekuzideleni.