Ungqimba izinyo lomhlathi oxygen. Uyini mass izinyo lomhlathi umoya-mpilo?

Athomu ezakhi futhi compounds molecule abonise mass azinakwa. Ukuze ukufunda ubudlelwane ambalwa, ethize ukuze zamakhemikhali, usebenzisa eziningana lucobo. Omunye wabo - mass izinyo lomhlathi, okuyinto ingabalwa ngenxa athomu, ion kanye nama-molecule. Omunye izici ezibalulekile Emhlabeni - oksijini, ne iqhaza lakhe zenzeka, ukusabela eziningi nezinqubo. Ukuze wenze izibalo ngokuvumelana amafomula compounds esetshenziswa ukuphendula zibalo mass izinyo lomhlathi oksijini, okuyinto ngamanani alinganayo isisindo sayo isihlobo athomu noma i-molecule.

umoya-mpilo

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nomoya-mpilo (chemical elementi)

• Igama Lesi'Latin - Oxygenium;
• uphawu chemical - O;
• egcinwe engxenyeni engenhla 16 neqembu lokuqala (ngaphambili - iqembu VI A) ishadi lesikhathi;
• It etholakala kwesikhathi yesibili ngokushesha ngemva nitrogen phambi sasekhaya;
• Libhekisela chalcogen umndeni;
• inombolo isici ethebuleni gqwa icala yayo nuclei kwama-atom - 8.

Oxygen ingenye yezingxenye umkhathi isikhathi eside ayikwazanga behlukaniswe ifomu okumsulwa. Negesi okuthiwa i- "onika ukuphila", "luwuzifo zonke." Gubha ukuvulwa oxygen lihlukaniswe phakathi ososayensi emhlabeni eyaziwa: K. Scheele, J. uPriestley, Antoine Lavoisier .. Igama elithi "omoya-mpilo" Lavoisier ezihlongozwayo, esekelwe indima ebalulekile efana, ama-athomu yayo kumiswa oxides futhi acid.

Indlela yokuthola mass izinyo lomhlathi of isici noma imfuyo?

Nawubalisisako chemical edingekayo ukuze ukwazi mass ehilelekile ukusabela zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane zezinto. Kodwa ezincane kakhulu, okuyinto nzima ukusetshenziswa amayunithi ezinjalo, njengoba amagremu kanye khilogremu. Isixazululo utholakale: ahlinzekwa ezinye izindinganiso ezihambisa izibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-chemistry wamanani isihlobo mass atomic yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. isihlobo mass-athomu (Ar) njengoba ubuningi ngokomzimba iye kwetfulwa ngonyaka 1961. Inani layo ilingana 1/12 mass ye-athomu ye-carbon (the IKhompyuthaYami ¹² C).

Ukwenza izibalo usebenzisa amafomula nezibalo nokusetshenziswa lokhu kanye nezinye amagugu kudingeka sikhumbule imithetho embalwa:

1. athomu IMisa ohlelweni gqwa iqukethe eceleni chemical uphawu. Ungqimba izinyo lomhlathi has efanayo value kwamanani kodwa amayunithi g / Mol.
2. Isisindo eyodwa imvukuzane efana kunqunywa kusukela formula kwakwakhe kukhona okuyiwona isamba mass izinyo lomhlathi of zonke izinhlayiya e-molecule.
3. Uma ifomula amakhemikhali iyi-index kukhombisa isibalo amayunithi kwesakhiwo, kubalulekile ukuba uphindaphinde mass izinyo lomhlathi lokhu Coefficient.

atomic weight yamangqamuzana oxygen

Ungqimba-athomu ye-oxygen etholwe esekelwe inombolo nokusatshalaliswa ezintathu isotopes zayo zemvelo: Ar (G) = 15,999 (in a m e ...). Ngo izibalo, lesi silinganiso ngokuvamile babanjwa, iyakunqanda 16. element ngayinye yesisindo sayo-athomu - njalo. Kusukela isisindo eyaziwa ngama-athomu ye-elementi nge isethi yemiphumela 8 kungatholakala yi-mass izinyo lomhlathi umoya-mpilo-elementi. M (O) = 16 Esinye ubuningi dimensionless ngokomzimba - isisindo yamangqamuzana umoya - libhekisela into elula. Bala isisindo mpilo, ngokuvele azalane isisindo athomu Coefficient stoichiometric ku-formula: Mr (O ₂₎ = Ar ^(G). 2 = ^16. 2 = 32. umkhuba, asikho isidingo ukuthola lokho mass izinyo lomhlathi oksijini, ngoba ukubaluleka kwalo ngamanani alinganayo ezihambelana nesisindo molecule ketshezi kodwa yokukala of g / imvukuzane. Ukuze uthole kwakwakhe oluthile isisindo kwama-molecule ayo kuyinto njalo, sisetshenziswa kabanzi ukubala zokwandisa nokuthuthukisa mass we ketshezi.

yokuthi liphansi

Ngo-chemistry, ukuze kube lula izibalo, lisebenzisa elinye eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokomzimba - yokuthi liphansi. Libhekisela hhayi isisindo, futhi isibalo amayunithi kwesakhiwo. Iyunithi yokukala umthamo ketshezi International System (SI) wathola 1 Mol. Ukwazi ukuthi 1 Mol kuhlanganisa izinhlayiya efanayo eziqukethwe 12 g carbon IKhompyuthaYami ¹² C-athomu, amangqamuzana, ion, ama-electron eziqukethwe ingxenye yokuhlola ye iyiphi into ingabalwa. Enye njalo yethiwa usosayensi omkhulu Italian Avogadro (ezikhonjiswe N _A), Nanguya inani izinhlayiya kwesakhiwo equkethe eliningi imfuyo uma - 1 Mol. Inani kwamanani ka Avogadro njalo - ^6,02. Okthoba ²³ 1 / imvukuzane. Kuyinto-athomu (amangqamuzana, ion) inobungako izinyo lomhlathi. Ukukhonjwa ubuningi ngokomzimba - M iyunithi - 1 g / Mol, ekubaleni ifomula - M = m / n (m - isisindo (g), n - yokuthi liphansi (imvukuzane)).

Uyini mass izinyo lomhlathi umoya-mpilo

Ekusebenteni, asikho isidingo ukusebenzisa ifomula M = m / n ukubala mass izinyo lomhlathi oxygen. Ngo nokuxazulula izinkinga liyadingeka ukucacisa kakhulu, uyini mass, noma ukuthola eziningi izinto. Esimweni sokuqala isetshenziselwa ukubala ifomula m = ^n. M, okwesibili - n = m / M. Inani kwamanani ka mass izinyo lomhlathi ilingane mass isici athomu, futhi ketshezi --molecule. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi-16 g 1 imvukuzane umoya-mpilo-elementi. M (O ₂₎ - mass izinyo lomhlathi engqamuzaneni oksijini, okuyinto ilingana 32 g / imvukuzane.

Ungqimba izinyo lomhlathi umoya-mpilo okulingana

Ngokuthi okulingana lemali isisindo alinganayo 1 Mol zama-athomu monovalent kwanoma iyiphi isici. Ngokuvamile, isisindo okulingana kungenziwa kunqunywa sokuhlukanisa mass izinyo lomhlathi-athomu isici bamakhemikhali e valency yayo, okutholwe formula kwakwakhe ikakhulukazi. Ngo iningi-mpilo yayo compounds like chemical-elementi chalcogen kuyinto divalent. mass izinyo lomhlathi umoya-mpilo zingatholakala etafuleni gqwa, inani layo oyindilinga - 16. isisindo okulingana izikhathi ngaphansi kuka-2 - 8-chemistry kusebenza umthetho okulingana, othi izinto ziya asabela ngayo ndawonye amanani elilingana okulingana yabo. Lapho ukubalwa kokwenza angasebenzisa okulingana mass izinyo lomhlathi umoya-mpilo ukuze uthole isisindo okulingana ketshezi okuyiwona alwaziwa.

Oxygen - esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ungqimba lomhlaba, lokulandisa 46.6% we mass. Uxhumano elula elinegama elifanayo - yesibili ezivamile e ozungeze umhlaba. Okuqukethwe i-oksijini yamangqamuzana emoyeni - 20,947% by volume. Ngosizo ngama-athomu ilungu kanye nama-molecule zenzeka ukusabela eziningi nezinqubo ubuciko, umkhakha, nemvelo eziphilayo kanye wezinto ezingaphili. Kubalulekile acabangele ubudlelwane belinani ngalezi zinqubo, okuyinto kusiza kakhulu ukusetshenziswa lucobo, kuhlanganise mass izinyo lomhlathi oxygen.