Ungenza kanjani ukuqoqa? Izinhlobo zokuqoqa

Isici esibophezela ekwakhiweni kwanoma yimuphi indlu noma isakhiwo yi-overlap. Kule ngxenye yesakhiwo sokwakhiwa, imisebenzi yomsebenzi ohlukanisa imithwalo kanye nokuhlukanisa phansi iyabelwe. Eqinisweni, ngenxa yokweqa, kuqinisekiswe ukwakheka kwesakhiwo se-multi-storey noma ukuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo esikhulu sakhiwo kanye ne-attic. Abakhi basebenzisa izinto ezihlukene ukuthola ukuqoqwa okufanelekayo kwemisebenzi ethile. Izinhlobo zokuqoqa ziphinde zihluke ngohlobo lokuqokwa, ukuklama kanye neminye imingcele yokusebenza. Ukunquma ukuthi umklamo uhambelana kanjani nezidingo zephrojekthi, kuyadingeka ukwazi izici zezinhlobo ezikhona zokuqoqwa, kanye nezidingo zemithwalo yamandla yalesi sici.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwentando

Uma ukhetha uhlobo lokuqhaqhazela, kufanele kuqala kuqala kusukela ekusebenziseni kwayo esikhathini esizayo. Njengomthetho, izazi zikhomba izindlela ezintathu zokusebenzisa izinto ezinjalo.

1. I-plinth. Kuleli qembu kufaka izinhlobo zezinsika zendlu, ezinikeza ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhiwo ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zesakhiwo. Kulesi simo, isakhiwo sisetshenziswe, isibonelo, ukuhlukanisa igumbi lokuqala kusuka esiteji.
2. Indawo yangaphakathi. Inketho evame kakhulu, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona phakathi kwephansi.
3. I-attic. Ukuhlinzekwa kwenziwa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-attic noma i-attic kanye negumbi lokuhlala.

Esikhathini ngasinye, imisebenzi evulekayo yokuqhaqhaza imisebenzi, engase ixhomeke endaweni yesakhiwo, kanye nezinto ezivela kuzo ezinye izakhi zesakhiwo. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zimingcele, kunezinhlobo ezithile zokuqoqa okukhethiwe, ezikwazi ukunikeza "isifuba" sokuqina kwendlu nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Isibonelo, endlini encane yezingodo, isiteji esincane esingasetshenzisiwe singasetshenziselwa ukuhlomisa i-attic, futhi izakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziqinisekisiwe eziphezulu azikwazi ukugwenywa ekwakheni izitini eziningi.

Ukuqokwa komhlobo we-monolithic

Enye yezinto ezinzima kunabo bonke ekusebenzeni kwezansi, okunikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu esakhiweni. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zidalwe ngesisekelo sokukhonkolo okuqinisiwe ngokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe. Isinyathelo sokuqala sakha amafomu, lapho imigoqo yokuqinisa ehambisana nezidingo zokuklama ifakwe kuqala. Khona-ke isisekelo sekhonkrithe sithululwa, ubukhulu bayo buhlukahluka kusuka ku-8 kuya ku-14 cm. Inzuzo enkulu ukuthi cishe zonke izinhlobo zokuqoqwa kwe-monolithic ezithathwe yilokho kungenzeka ukunikezwa isakhiwo esizayo kunoma yiluphi uhlobo. Lokhu kusebenza ekukhethweni kwendabuko yokugcizelela phansi kwekhonkolo, nasezinhlelo ze-monolithic-prefabricated, okuyizinto, noma kunjalo, ezinokulinganiselwa okuthile.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zekhonkrithi eziqinisiwe

Ngenxa yezimfanelo zabo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezici zokusebenza, izakhiwo zekhonkolo eziqinisiwe zithandwa kakhulu ekwakhiweni. Futhi, ukusabalalisa kwabo kuhlinzekwa ngumsebenzi olula, noma osebenza kakhulu, wokukhiqiza. Ngokucubungula izinhlobo zezinto ezakhiwe phansi zekhonkri, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi zonke zihlukaniswe zibe yizimboni futhi zibulawa ngokuqondile emikhiqizweni yendawo yokwakha.

Izitezi ezenziwe ngomumo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ekwakhiweni kwama-cottages. Njengoba ikhonkri eliqinisiwe ngokwayo linomthwalo omkhulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezingqwembe zamaloli, ukufakwa kwayo akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kunconywa ukunyuka ngqo kusuka kumavili. Okusho ukuthi imishini ekhethekile inikeza amapuleti futhi uyifake endaweni. Uma ukhetha indlela yokuzikhiqiza kwamabhodi anjalo, kufanele uqaphele indawo yomsebenzi (insimbi eqinile noma indawo ebhodini) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwempahla, okuvamise futhi kuyimvelaphi yefektri.

Ipuleti yesimanje "ye-filigran" ifaka phakathi nesiteji esakhiwe phezulu. Izinhlobo zokuqokwa komndeni zihlukaniswa ukubonakala kwesakhiwo sezinsimbi zamaphaneli zensimbi, ubukhulu obungasaphezu kwezingu-6 cm. Isizinda sokuqinisa izinduku sihlanganiswe esimweni esilungisiwe, emva kwalokho sidluliselwa ngxube lokukhonkolo.

Ngokuvamile-echotshoziwe

Lolu khetho luvame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni izindlu ezincane ezizimele. Isakhiwo se-overlap ehlanganiswe ngaso sonke isikhathi sisekelwe emigodini nasemabhuloki angenalutho, okugcwalisa isikhala samahhala phakathi kwezakhi ze-frame. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokufakelwa, ukufaka okuzofaka izakhi kwisayithi elilungiselelwe ngaphambili bese udala isikhala sokukhonkolo. Phakathi kokufaneleka kwamamodeli ase-chubby kukhona izindawo zabo ezikhanyelayo, ukuthembela okuphezulu, ukunakekelwa komsindo, kanye nokukwazi ukufakwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuqoqwa ngokweqile, okwenziwe kusuka kuma- slabs okhonjiwe ohlobo lwezintandokazi, kunezimfanelo ezifanayo. Ukufakwa kwabo ngokuvamile akuyona inzima kakhulu, kodwa kwezinye izimo kusadingeka ukusetshenziswa kwamaloli namagxolo.

Ukufakwe kwe-Beam

Ngokujwayelekile kusetshenziswe izigxobo zokhuni. Ngesizo sabo sakha ukuqoqwa kwezakhiwo zezitini nezinkuni. Isakhiwo siyisisekelo sezinsika ezibekiwe kanye neplanethi, okuzosetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo ukugqoka okuhlobisa. Izinhlobo zendabuko zepulangwe zokhuni zinikeza uhlelo lokwenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwamabhodi ngamanzi. Izigxobo ezisetshenzisiwe zingaba nezilinganiso ezilandelayo: 10-20 cm ububanzi, kufika ku-40 cm ukuphakama kuze kufinyelele ku-15 cm ubude.

Naphezu kokuthi ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngamapulangwe, ukuphakama phakathi kwalabo abathwali kungaba ngamasentimitha angu-150. Idizayini eguquguqukayo lezinsika yenza kube lula ukubeka izinto zokuxubha umsindo. Izitezi zokhuni nazo zikhona ezihlelekile emhlobiso wokuhlobisa. Ehlangothini elingenhla, cishe noma yikuphi ukumbozwa kungabeka phezu kwabo, futhi kusukela ohlangothini oluphansi ungafaka ilanga elingamanga.

Izinhlobo zezinsika

Ngaphansi komhlaba, izigxobo zezinhlobo ezimbili zingasetshenziswa. Lezi zici ezivela emithini eqinile yemithi noma imikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe. Ekukhiqizeni owokuqala kuvame ukusebenzisa izinhlobo eziqinile zemithi. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ezinkambeni zangaphakathi, izakhi eziqinile zingasetshenziswa kuphela uma ubude bekamelo lingekho ngaphezu kwamamitha amahlanu. Izigqoko ezifakiwe zithinta ukuvumela uhlelo lokusebenza olubanzi, ngoba ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kwabo kunikeza amandla amandla angaphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigxobo ezihlanganisiwe zingenziwa ngezinga elidlula noma yikuphi ukufaniswa okuvela enkuni eqinile. Ngokwenzayo, izakhi zalolu hlobo zikwazi ukubhekana nemithwalo esindayo kanye nezikhala zomkhawulo ezifinyelela ku-20 m ubude. Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukubukeka kwemiklamo yezinsika ezihlanganisiwe, okuqeda isidingo sokwelashwa okukhethekile emva kokufakwa.

Amapulethi aqoqa

Ukuqinisekisa ukwahlukana okuphakathi-phansi kuyindlela enhle - into esemqoka ukucacisa ukhetho lwendlela ethile yokwakha. Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-slabs phansi zifanelekile, ezifanele ngezinhloso zokwakha ezahlukene.

1. I-Ribbed. Ngenxa yephrofayli yayo ehlukile, bayakwazi ukubhekana kahle nokugoqa imithwalo. Ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ilungiselelo lama-attics nama-cellars.
2. Hollow. Izinzuzo zokugqwabanisa okunjalo zihlanganisa ukushisa okuphezulu nokukhishwa kwemisindo, kanye nesisindo esincane, okuvumela ukuba zisetshenziswe ezakhiweni ngezinhloso ezehlukene.
3. I-Monolithic. Yiba namandla amakhulu kakhulu, abeka isiqondiso sabo esiyinhloko sokusetshenziswa - ezakhiweni eziphakeme.
4. Okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo okuphezulu, lezi zitezi ziyasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekwakhiweni kwezikhungo zezimboni.

I-Klein idlula

Lolu hlobo lokuqoqa aluvamile kakhulu eRussia njengama-slabs akhonkolo ase-monolithic afanayo, kodwa ngaphambili abameleli balo bajabulela ukuthandwa phakathi kwabathuthukisi, futhi namuhla kunamalungu amaningi alabu buchwepheshe. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Kane kungafakwa ezinhlotsheni zezakhiwo eziqhamuka ezisekelwe emigodini. Kuphela kulesi simo, asetshenziselwa izakhi ze-I-wood kodwa zensimbi, ukuphakama kwayo okungaba ngu-8 kuya ku-24 cm. Ukubeka imithi kwenziwa kude ukusuka komunye nomunye kuya ku-160 cm. Ezingeni eliphansi, kufanele lenze ukwesekwa kwesibhande esakhiwe ngezitini ze-ceramic. I-slab iphinde iqiniswe ngemigqa yensimbi noma izinduku, ubukhulu bayo buhluka kusuka ku-0.6 kuya ku-0.8 cm. Uma kudingekile, amandla okuphatha okwakhiwa okunjalo akhuliswa ngokuqinisa ukugcwalisa izitini noma izigxobo ze-I.

Ukufakwa kwe-monolithic kufinyelela

Izakhiwo ezenziwe ngomumo ezisekelwe emikhiqizweni yekhonkritha zibonakala sengathi zine-plate eqinile kuze kufike ku-15 cm ubukhulu. Njengemithwalo yokuphatha yesakhiwo, izinsimbi ezifanayo zensimbi zisebenza : izakhi zesiteshi noma i-I-imisebe. Ngosizo lwabo, kungenzeka ukumboza ama-spans amabanga amade - ngisho namandla abo aphezulu ayohlinzekwa, kanye nokuvikelwa emisebenzini yomlilo kanye nokubola, okuyizo zonke izingxenye zokukhonta ezikhonjiswayo. Izinhlobo zokuqoqa ngesisekelo samapulangwe kulokhu okulahlekelwa ukuqinisa ama-analogues okhonkolo, nakuba kusetshenziselwa kahle ukusebenza isikhathi eside.

Kuwo wonke umkhawulo wesayithi ukuze kube khona ugwadule, kubalulekile ukuhlela ifomu lezinkuni. Kamuva kuzothatha isenzo "sezansi" lokwakha. I-formwork yenziwe ngamashidi e-plywood abeka ngaphansi kwama-racks, ama-tripods, izinsimbi nezinsika zamapulangwe. Esikhathini sesisekelo sensimbi, kubalulekile ukubeka uhlaka oluqinisekisiwe, lapho izintambo zisetshenziswa khona, ngokulingana okulingana no-1 cm. Khona-ke isakhiwo esilungisiwe kufanele sithunyelwe ngekhonkrithi. Okungcono ukusebenzisa i-brand M200. Ukuqoqwa okwenziwe ngale ndlela kuzobonakala ngezinga eliphakeme lamandla nokuqina.

Ukuphakama kwezinto ezizakhelwe phansi-monolithic

Ukwakhiwa kwe-prefabricated-monolithic kuhlanganiswa nezinhlobo ezifanayo ze-slabs phansi kanye nemigqa yokukhonkolo eqinisiwe. Ukuze ukwakhiwa kwe-overlap enjalo, kubalulekile ukumboza ibhodi elimboze ngesikhathi, okuzokwenza umsebenzi wesakhiwo esisekelayo sezinsika. Ukufakwa kwenziwa ezindongeni, ngamabhuloki angenalutho emkhatsini wezinsika. Okulandelayo, ifreyimu iqiniswa futhi ithululelwe ngodaka lwamamenti. Ubisi oluphathekayo luzofaka izingxenye zamabhuloki futhi lube nesakhiwo esibalulekile sezinto ezingenalutho kanye nemisipha yensimbi. Ukuqoqwa okunjalo kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zanamuhla, ngokuhambisana nalokho izindlu ezakhiwa khona. Ngokuyinhloko, zinikeza amandla, ukugxila okuzwakalayo nokuqina, ngenkathi kusele indlela engabizi kakhulu yedivaysi.

Ukulungisa nokuqinisa phansi

Kulokhu, imisebenzi yokulungisa ihilela ukumiswa noma ukuqiniswa kwezicucu zomuntu ngamunye. Izinhlobo zokuqoqa, ezisekelwe emigodini, zitholakala kakhulu emisebenzini yokuqinisa ubuchwepheshe besakhiwo. Umsebenzi uqala ngokufakwa kwama-racks, kamuva okusebenza njengasekela. Ukuqiniswa kwamapulangwe ngokuvamile kuhilela ukufakwa kwamapulangwe ngama-analog nge-cross-section enkulu noma ukwanda kwenani labo. Isidingo sokulungiswa kwezakhiwo ezikhonjisiwe, njengombuso, zivela ekubukeni kwemidwebo yokugqwala. Ukuzikhandla kukwedluliselwa ezindaweni ezithintekayo, emva kwalokho ukuqinisekiswa okungaqinisekisiwe kufakwe ngezingubo zokulwa nokulimala. Okulandelayo ukubuyiselwa kwesimo esidlulile se-overlap.