Umnotho: Isayensi Ezolimo (grade 11). Izibonelo ezomnotho njengoba isayensi kanye nomnotho

Igama elithi "umnotho" umsuka yamaGreki asendulo. Sihlanganisa amagama amabili nje: "umthetho" futhi "umnotho". Ngezinye ngokoqobo welithi "umnotho" kufanele ukhuluma ngani emnothweni, okuyinto eyenziwa nekuhambisana imithetho, iziqondiso nemithetho.

amakhasi omlando

EGrisi lasendulo umnotho ibeke injalo zemvelo - kwaba zomnotho. Isayensi umnotho lezo zinsuku kuphela okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa ezomnotho siqu. Uma sihlaziya kwencazelo yegama elithi "umnotho" e nencazelo yalo yokuqala, kwachazwa ngokuthi "ubuciko angawendlu."

Incazelo yesimanje komnotho

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili kusukela kwethulwa izwi "umnotho." Isayensi Umnotho okwamanje zishintshile kakhulu. Manje lo mqondo ufake anencazelo ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke yini emnothweni? Isayensi Umnotho ngomqondo obanzi. Okungukuthi isamba sazo zonke izinto, amathuluzi, izinto zezwe ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama, ezisetshenziswa ngabantu ukuqinisekisa izimo ukuphila kahle, kanye ukwaneliseka okuphelele zonke izidingo. Kulesisimo-ke, umnotho - nesayensi yezolimo iyonke, indoda esetshenziswa ukuze zithuthukise izimo zokuphila futhi udale isimiso esisekela ukuphila.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase futhi kube umelwe isiyalo ahlukene kwezomnotho ezihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu, okuyinto ehambisana nakho. Izibonelo ezomnotho njengoba isayensi kanye nomnotho ukuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kulomkhakha ukuze silondoloze ngesikhathi ubudlelwane evamile kwezomnotho phakathi bonke abahlanganyeli ukuzwana nabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka lesi siyalo kunzima overestimate - umsebenzi yomuntu yesimanje lihlobene eduze negama ke.

amagama

Ezomnotho - isayensi kanye umnotho ngesikhathi esifanayo noma ungaba imiqondo le? amagama amabili nje khona izincwadi IsiZulu: "ezomnotho" futhi "umnotho". Eyokuqala ihilela theory, futhi kwethemu yesibili ephawula ukubonakaliswa engokwemvelo emnothweni. Ngenxa division ezinjalo, ososayensi bakwazi ukwethula ukucaciseleka ekuqondeni izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo komnotho. Ngaphezu umbono inhloso yalo njengoba uhlelo oluthile kwezomnotho kanye iqoqo ulwazi mayelana uhlelo, abanye theorists ukunamathisela kule umqondo lomunye value. Ngokusho kwakhe, emnothweni libhekene ubuhlobo eziphakama phakathi kwabantu ngenxa izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ezidayiswayo, exchange, ukusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo.

Umnotho e esikoleni yesimanje

Isayensi izindlu abantu, kanye ubudlelwano elisungulwe inqubo - konke lokhu emnothweni (isayensi umnotho). 11 Iklasi ecwaninga onjalo sifundo ehlukile. Abantwana bethu ukunikela izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo komnotho womhlaba futhi ezifuywayo, kodwa futhi ukubafundisa indlela ukuba engongi, ukwaba imithombo yezimali ngendlela efanele. Konke lokhu kwaziswa uyakwazi ukudlulisela izethameli isiyalo ezifana "Umnotho: Isayensi Imboni". okuqukethwe omfushane Yiqiniso kuhlanganisa izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko: igxile ekhaya ngcono, kumiswa amakhono ukwaba izimali ukukhokhela izinsiza zomphakathi, yokufuna imali nezingubo zokugqoka, imfundo, ukuzijabulisa. Ngaphandle oluphethe amakhono ezinjalo bangakakulungeli esikoleni kwakuzoba nzima ukujwayela emphakathini wanamuhla. Ngakho, inkambo yokuhlakanipha "Economics: Isayensi Imboni" (Grade 11) okuhloswe ngazo ukwakha Umbono abafundi 'ezanele nezindaba ezihlobene nezinto zethu ezibonakalayo.

emnothweni wesifundazwe

Ukuze uqonde okushiwo isiyalo, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele kahle. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona "ekhaya" umnotho (nesayensi yezolimo), into ebaluleke kakhulu - phela aqonde lezi izinqubo ezingeni likazwelonke. Ububanzi le ncazelo zihlanganisa, ehlanganisa ukukhiqizwa impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kufaka ekhatsi tekulima, umkhakha, ezokuthutha, ukwakhiwa. Ukuze elisezingeni isimo ethile -non-ukukhiqizwa sphere, imisebenzi okungukuthi abantu okuyinto ukukhiqiza izimpahla ezingokomoya, ulwazi imithombo. Ngokwesibonelo, impilo ensimini isikhundla, ubuciko, amasiko, imfundo.

Zonke imisebenzi yezomnotho ezweni lonke okuhloswe ngawo ukudala ingcebo, ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba wabo, ukusetshenziswa kanye exchange. ibanga okunjalo ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu izifundo zezomnotho esikoleni. Isayensi Umnotho kuxoxwa kafushane naye esikoleni esiphakeme. Lokhu nodaba wafundisa 1 isikhathi ngesonto ngasesinqeni ezingeni futhi isamba amahora 2-3 ngesikhathi ukuqeqeshwa iphrofayli. Isihloko iphendula imibuzo: "Obani?", "Kanjani?", "Ini?". Abafundi ukuthola ulwazi lemininingwane mayelana nokuthi izindlela ukulawula antulayo, kuhlelembisa izindlu zabo, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yemvelo.

Ezomnotho division

Lokhu isayensi sehlukaniswe umnotho Macro, micro global, ezithinta izinqubo ngaphezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Micro limelela indawo ubudlelwane kwezomnotho, okuyizinto ezihlobene nezinsiza ahlukene nabakhiqizi, ipulazi kumiswa ku isibonelo izinkampani ngamunye kanye namafemu encane. Linomqondo khona abathengi okwejwayelekile, abanikazi bamazwe, abasebenzi, kanye nemizi (imindeni), amabhizinisi (izinkampani).

Injongo Microeconomics

Microeconomics kuyinto igatsha Economics ukuthi etadisha imisebenzi abahlanganyeli ahlukahlukene emkhakheni kwezomnotho. Lokho kuyasiza abathengi ukuqonda imikhiqizo ezihlinzekwa abakhiqizi, ukwenza ukukhetha okufanele. Lesi sigaba lugxile kakhulu kulobu bukhazikhazi ngokuthi inkinga yokuziphatha kahle izinkampani ngabanye emakethe namuhla ukuze banciphise izindleko impahla kanye ukuthola izinzuzo ezinkulu zezimali.

umongo komnotho omkhulu

Iyiphi inkambo "Economics: isayensi umkhakha"? Ithebula, elinikeza izakhi zalo eziyinhloko, wethula izingane nemigomo eyisisekelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi okusezingeni eliphezulu ikakhulukazi esikoleni ukufunda Macroeconomics. Kuyingxenye emnothweni, okuyinto ihlanganisa izinqubo ezenzeka esikhathini esikalini komnotho wephasi loke. Umnotho kazwelonke kubhekwa iyonke. Njengoba isisekelo zethu ezingokwenyama Macroeconomics ukhonza Umcebo kazwelonke adalwe ezandleni izizukulwane eziningi. Yingakho emnothweni - nesayensi yezolimo. Theory kanye umkhuba ukuphakamisa kuhlolwe efanele futhi ebalulekile ngayinye nezindaba isimo ezifana kwamandla emali, ups kwezomnotho kanye nezinkinga, ukungabi bikho kwemisebenzi, isabelomali isimo. Ochwepheshe uzama ukuthola amakhambi ezinkinga ukuthi uhulumeni ubhekene. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokunciphisa abangasebenzi, kanjani ukusheshisa ukukhula komnotho, ukunciphisa igebe phakathi ezweni lethu kanye kwemibuso yaseYurophu.

Izinkinga of Economics Modern

zezomnotho Russian ngokuyinhloko umbuzo nokuthola izindlela ukwandisa nekusebenta emnothweni kazwelonke, izinguquko ezihlelekile umnotho isimo, izinguquko zosesho lezimpahla Russia, okwandisa ukukhiqizwa izinga izimpahla namasevisi.

Umnotho Yizwe ekhethekile, egcwele imithetho yabo mani. Kukhona ukuphikisana eziningi, kodwa kuncike impahla yakhe inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi, ithuba lokuvakashela mbukiso, ukufundisa izingane ngijwayele ukubaluleka kwamasiko. Nge efanele inhlangano emnothweni esikhululekile emsebenzini imisebenzi uzobe ihlelwe ngokufanele futhi ngendlela ehluzekile. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi kwezomnotho kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, endulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, kwakukhona ophoqelelwe yezigqila futhi serfs. Kungenzeka yini ukuba ngikhulume ngokukhululeka ngokukhubazeka ukuphathwa inguqulo njengoba kwezomnotho? Kwangathi kungelokothe kube njalo. Kuphela ibhizinisi esekelwe ukuzimela kanye nenkululeko abakhiqizi, ukuthola ilungelo ku zabo "okuphumayo" siqu emakethe imiphumela yemisebenzi yabo, ukunquma amanani ayo ezocatshangelwa bazibandakanye ngempela enqubeni kwezomnotho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele kube izici zethula kusikisela ukuba khona zokwenana nalo ukuhweba.

isiphetho

Ososayensi abaningi yesimanje, osomnotho ikhuluma "isitebhisi" ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. ukukhiqizwa ikhaya abavamile ithuthukiswe esigabeni sokuqala. Isigaba sesibili libhekene ukwakheka umnotho, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kukhona umakhi esithile, kukhona exchange futhi ukuhweba. Isigaba sesithathu kuyinto emakethe umnotho asethuthukile. Le ndlela izinto uqondakala kahle futhi kube ngukulunga, njengoba ingasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa phakathi ukuphoqwa enobudlova ukwenza imisebenzi kwezomnotho (umsebenzi "ngaphansi ukuqhuma"), ukungabi yokuzimela, hhayi ukuthatha abasebenzi isinyathelo, noma emnothweni, ongagcini kumigomo inkululeko zomthengi kanye nomnikezi umenzi, sicabangela ukukhetha.

Iyini indima engadlalwa amabhizinisi emphakathini wanamuhla? Abagxeki bakholelwa ukuthi akuwona umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, maka igunya ingokomoya nokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kuya yezinzuzo zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezidingo. Kodwa kukhona labo bayaqiniseka ukubaluleka kuba izinqubo zezomnotho. isikhundla sabo, bashukunyiswa yokuthi isifundo esikhumbuzo kwamasiko umuntu kumelwe babe nophahla ezinhle phezu kwekhanda lakho, zishise, ugqoke, udle. Uma ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho ezingeni elithile kudala kwezimo ezifanele ukuze abantu baphile, futhi uzokwazi ukuthola isikhathi umsebenzi bokusungula. Ukuze ukwakheka isimo kumele kube ngcono okuqhubekayo ubuchwepheshe kanye namathuluzi. Kuphela kuleli cala izindinganiso ezingokomoya ziqokonyiswe, ngoba umuntu ngeke sichithe isikhathi ekufuneni amathuba wokwaneliseka ngezidingo ezingokwenyama. Kumiswa isiko kwezomnotho esizukulwaneni zanamuhla umsebenzi obalulekile, ngakho ezikoleni zamabanga enikeziwe izinga umnotho (10-11 ekilasini).