Umlando zonke eChibini iBaikal kanye nemvelaphi yawo

IBaikal ingenye giant zasendlini imizimba amanzi emhlabeni. Akekho echibini ngeke kuqhathaniswe naye ukujula. IBaikal has Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo izinqolobane emhlabeni nomthombo wamanzi aqabulayo. Kunezilwane nezilwane zahlukahlukene kakhulu. amanzi iBaikal Akumangalisi ehlanzekile esobala. Nokho, umlando waleli ucwaningo echibini sekuqhubeke ngoba eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu, ahlale eziningi eziyimfihlakalo ezihlobene nobudala bakhe futhi imbangela nomsuka.

indawo

IChibi iBaikal liyindawo etholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-Eastern eSiberia, emngceleni ehlukanisa endaweni esifundeni sase-Irkutsk kanye Republic of Buryatia. Leli chibi itholakala sizungezwe yamadwala nasemigodini amagquma ayize, ngokuba isimo inhlendla. Ubude bayo 620 km, ububanzi zokhahlamba kusuka 24 kuya 79 km. Ugu olusempumalanga ezinamadwala kancane azimele ngaphandle West. Le ndawo kwamanzi ifaniswe amasimu kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kuyinto 31722 km ^2. Ngenxa yalesi inkomba, iBaikal esibalwa lwesikhombisa emhlabeni. ezinye amachibi elikhulu kunawo wonke amazwekazi aseMelika futhi Afrika kuphela ukulidlula emanzini surface area.

ukujula

Umlando Geological zonke eChibini iBaikal ombangela izici zayo eziyingqayizivele. Ucwaningo lwesayensi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela lo chibi ejulile emhlabeni. Kufanele ikhumbule ukuthi etafuleni layo emanzini kuyinto ezingeni ukuphakama 456 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Isikhungo samanzi uhambo kuqoshwe futhi womkhathi weNingizimu Lake esiphezulu ku 1642 m ukujula. Ngakho-ke, esiphezulu Remote kusukela iphuzu ebusweni itholakala phansi 1187 metres ngezansi kolwandle. Lesi sibalo irekhodi ikuvumela ukufaka iChibi iBaikal ohlwini wezigodi ejulile emhlabeni. C ungafaniswa kuphela eLake Tanganyika eCentral Africa kanye yoLwandle iCaspian, ngokomthetho kubhekwe umzimba avaliwe amanzi, ngoba awunawo ukufinyelela izilwandle zomhlaba. ukujula yabo esingeqile 1000 m.

umthamo wamanzi

Umlando omude ucwaningo iBaikal ethulwa yizimanga eziningi. Kuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi unakho zigcine elikhulu namanzi echibini emhlabeni. ivolumu Its 23615 km ^3. Lokhu kumayelana 20% zigcine ezweni. inani iCaspian Sea kuphela idlula lesi silinganiso, kodwa amanzi kuwo anosawoti omningi, njengoba kuqhathaniswa echibini. Umlando ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa izitshalo ezikhethekile nezilwane ezihlukahlukene echibini wenze isimiso semvelo esiyingqayizivele. Fresh amanzi echibini inikeza ubumsulwa ezingavamile. Leli chibi iqhawe emhlabeni, hhayi kuphela eliningi yayo kodwa futhi izinga.

amanzi sici

Emlandweni iChibi iBaikal linendawo ekhethekile ukufunda flora zayo ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, amanzi aleli chibi ukweleta ebumsulweni nasebunyeni eyingqayizivele ye izitshalo zendawo ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Zonke izici izinhlelo zemvelo kuhlobene kanye nomthelela nomunye. Lake amanzi kakhulu nomoya-mpilo. Iqukethe inani azinakwa zezinto amaminerali oncibilikile ukungcola organic. Ngisho ukungcola ezenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu, akuvezi ziwohloke okuphawulekayo izinga lamanzi. Ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha futhi imboni yezokuvakasha aluphumeleli ngeze isimo emvelweni of echibini. Nokho, izici zayo uhlale useduze ziphuzo zazihluzwa amanzi komkhiqizo etholwe endaweni yokucwaninga. Esinye sezizathu i ebumsulweni nasebunyeni elihle ekuphileni komuntu crustacean encanyana. Lokhu nezilwane omele esadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni iChibi iBaikal. izinhlobo Crustacean e omningi futhi ubamba organic, ngokwemvelo ekuhlanzeni amanzi kuleli chibi.

umbono nesenzakalo

Umlando umsuka iBaikal kubangela kwabaningi yabangela nezimpikiswano. Leli chibi itholakala indishi esikhulu, esasivela e-ukwaphuka we koqweqwe. Ukuvela iBaikal ngenxa izimbangela zomhlaba. Abanye abacwaningi ukubeka phambili version ukuthi ingaphakathi ezakhiwe nokuxhumana izingqimba ezimbili yezwekazi - the Eurasia namaNdiya. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi echibini Itholakala zone we uguqule iphutha. Okunjalo uqweqwe uhlobo discontinuity kwenzeka kanye umngcele amapuleti lithospheric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona kulingane wavuma kusuka Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, umbono mayelana nokubonakala foci of cleaner kubangelwa ekuphunyukeni ebusweni rock mlilo. Ngokusho kwale nguqulo, kwaba imbangela emikhombeni subsidence.

Izingxabano mayelana nomlando umsuka iChibi iBaikal uyaqhubeka. Nokho, bandisa inkonzo zokuzamazama komhlaba kulesi sifunda akashiyi kungabaza ngokuthi isimo zomhlaba of ukubukeka kwamanzi.

ubudala

Ngokusho ososayensi abavumelani nakancane nalokhu ngobude umlando iChibi iBaikal. Le nguqulo yendabuko uthi echibini kukhona angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-25 edlule. Lo mbono kuphakamisa ukungabaza. Ngokuvamile amachibi ezigcinwe ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni akuyona iminyaka engaphezu kuka-10-15 izinkulungwane. Ngemva kwalokho, ngenxa sokuzuza phansi semali udaka, they jikisa ku ixhaphozi. Lo mbuzo ubuzwa: kungani, naphezu izigidi eziningi zeminyaka yomlando iBaikal akusho nokufanayo efanayo?

Kukhona inguqulo ehlukile ngokungaqondile kuqinisekiswa ezinye izifundo. Ngokusho kwakhe, engu Lake Uneminyaka ecishe ibe u-8000 ubudala. iphutha Ngokuthakazelisayo omkhulu phakathi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngokwelapha kwendabuko futhi okunye. Okwamanje, umbuzo engu-iChibi iBaikal uvuliwe.

okokuqandisa

Ngisho ehlobo amanzi echibini akuyona ukufuthelana ngenhla 10 ° C. Amazinga esiphezulu kuphawulwe phakathi wonke umlando kokuma at 23 ° C. Ebusika, amanzi zilimaze cishe ngokuphelele esibukweni. I ukujiya ice ifinyelela 1 m, kanti kwezinye izindawo kungase kube kufika ku 2 m. Ebusika, izinhlanzi echibini uhlushwa ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yesithwathwa obukhulu ayangena ice elingamamitha ambalwa ububanzi. Ubude wabo ayi-10-30 km. Ngokusebenzisa ufa kwenzeka saturation amanzi nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kusindisa ekufeni inani elikhulu izinhlanzi. okokuqandisa ephelele echibini inkathi ngokuvamile Uthatha January kuya ku-May. Passenger kanye imoto navigation iqala ngo-June futhi iphela ngo-September.

Biota

Cishe isigamu sayo bukhoma iBaikal zama-eziphilayo ezitholakala kwenye emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa nokuzihlukanisa isimiso semvelo lasendulo kwechibi. Ngokwe ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi yonke leyo nezilwane zonke eChibini iBaikal siqukethe 2,600 zezilwane. Isizathu salokhu itholakala ukwehluka ephezulu-mpilo lokuhlushwa emanzini. Lokhu kwenza echibini engokwemvelo esihle zonke izilwane zasendle. Ukuba khona nje esibalulekile-mpilo inakekelwa ngisho ekujuleni ezinkulu.

Zezinhlanzi eziphilayo ku ichibi iyona edume kunayo iBaikal omul. Waba uhlobo uphawu echibini. Amanzi ikholomu akha izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo of flatworms, molluscs kanye ezinamagobolondo. Ezansi kukhona izipanji ezimboze emadwaleni excrescence okuqinile. Zinikeza indawo ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo.

isiphetho

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa iBaikal waqala cishe ngo-BC II leminyaka. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala echibini kuqukethwe wesandla AmaShayina angaleso sikhathi. Ngokwezazi zemivubukulo, eminyakeni 3000 edlule, esifundeni iBaikal lalakhiwe ngezizwe Mongoloid, amadlozi we Evenk. Esikhathini ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi e iningizimu yeSiberia uvele ubuzwe, okuyinto imithombo isiShayina esibhalwayo wabizwa ngokuthi "guligan". abameleli balo babehilelekile Izinkomo zizalela nezolimo, bakwazi aphele izinsimbi. Ekhulwini XVII ukwakheka Buryat ubuzwe zezizwe-Mongolian ngubani adluliselwe iningizimu yeSiberia entshonalanga.

umlando Russian kwatholakala iChibi iBaikal ehlangene egameni Cossack Kurbat Ivanov. Lolu hambo ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe safinyelela echibini ku 1643. Etholwe imibiko tsarist uhulumeni mayelana nengcebo esifundeni predetermined ukuqhubeka umlando iChibi iBaikal. Chaza kafushane echibini ku 1665, umpristi odumile uHabakuki, owayevakashela ngasogwini lwalo ngendlela yakhe ekudingisweni.

ucwaningo

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII kwakukhona amabalazwe zonke eChibini iBaikal. Ngu-oda kaPetru mina eSiberia wathunyelwa uhambo yesayensi eholwa udokotela Daniel Messershmitdom. Waba umthombo wokuqala ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana echibini nezindawo ezizungezile. Igalelo lakhe ekutadisheni iChibi iBaikal ososayensi beniyingxenye Omkhulu Northern Expedition eholwa Vitus Bering. Benza incazelo eningiliziwe kwechibi futhi eqoqwe nokwaziswa mayelana flora zayo ezilwaneni nasezimileni.

Isiteshi sokuqala Meteorological ku iBaikal yasungulwa engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili. umsebenzi wayo kwakuwukuba namabhomu ukuqhuba nokuqapha okuqhubekayo lokushisa kwamanzi ekushintshashintsheni ezingeni echibini lamanzi, kanye nezinguquko kulo. Ngaleyo minyaka futhi yaqala ukutadisha sendawo ngezansi.

Isimo sezulu

Ngaphezu nezinye izici eziningi eziyingqayizivele, iBaikal idume yayo izimo zezulu engavamile. I elamadwala futhi khona yisisindo esikhulu amanzi echibini ukuthambisa East laseSiberia sezulu yezwekazi. Amazinga air echibini ndawo uzinzile. Summer ogwini lolwandle, ngokwesilinganiso cooler than nezindawo ezizungezile, futhi akukho yesithwathwa ezinzima ebusika. Ukuze iBaikal sezulu libhekene ekwindla eside futhi imisiwe ukuqala kwentwasahlobo.