UMikhail Bulgakov: isebenza. Uhlu imisebenzi nge izinsuku

Namhlanje bakutshele mayelana nokuphila kanye nomsebenzi odumile wemidlalo UMikhail Bulgakov, uhlu imikhiqizo ozosithola ekupheleni isihloko.

Lokhu lendoda yazalwa Meyi 3, 1891 eKiev. Abazali bakhe abangu impela futhi enolwazi futhi bahlakaniphile. Unina wasebenza njengomfundisi e preschools, futhi iziqu uyise Theological Academy wafundisa ezikhungweni ezahlukahlukene zemfundo. Ekupheleni 1893 waqala ukwenza imisebenzi Kyïv ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi zesifunda, phakathi owawungumnyaka kuhlolwa izincwadi, hhayi kuphela isiRashiya, kodwa futhi kwezinye izilimi. Kodwa abakubo kaMichael sinezingane ezinhlanu.

yokufunda

Bulgakov bafundelwa Okokuqala Alexander sokuzivocavoca, okuyinto kwadingeka ezingeni eliphezulu lemfundo, futhi ngo-1909 wangena Kiev University esikoleni sezokwelapha. Khona-ke, ngo-1914, Okokuqala iMpi Yezwe. Ngo-1916, ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, umbhali esizayo wasebenza esibhedlela ensimini e Cherepovets futhi Kamenetz-Podolsk. Ngo-September ka lowo nyaka waphinde wabizwa kusukela phambili wathumela ukuba ngihole lwezibhedlela zasemakhaya etholakala esifundazweni Smolensk.

Vyazemskij kwesikhathi

Ngo-1917, Bulgakov wayiswa Vyazma. Lokhu isikhathi sokuphila is abonakala endalweni elakhiwe, "Amanothi we udokotela osemncane" ngo-1926. Imisebenzi Bulgakov, uhlu onikelwa ngezansi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucabanga ngaphandle kukhulunywa yalo msebenzi. I protagonist yakhe - udokotela unekhono, isisebenzi esithembekile, ngokuvamile ngokusindisa abantu ezimweni esasibonakala njengomnyama ongenafu, uyazibona abantu ngosizi lwezilwane abalimi abangafundile eziqhamuka ezigodini abayizithulu Smolensk futhi azizwa okushintsha yini kube ngcono.

revolution

The Revolution waphula indlela komkhuba ukuphila. Esikhathini indzaba "Kyïv-City" (1923), umlobi eveza umbono wakhe ngakho. Uphawula ukuthi nezinguquko wamavukelambuso esongelayo ngokungazelelwe "kwavela indaba." Bulgakov enkonzweni yezempi ngemva October Revolution, wabuyela Kiev, okuyinto ngokushesha elalihlala amabutho aseJalimane. Lapha umbhali bacwiliswa maelstrom ka kulwiwa waqala. Imisebenzi Bulgakov, uhlu onikelwa ngezansi, zihlanganisa ukudalwa le minyaka.

Bulgakov - udokotela

Njengoba Mr Mikhail kwaba udokotela omuhle, amasevisi yakhe Kwakudingeka futhi yena nabanye amaqembu alwayo. Nakuba kunoma isiphi isimo lahlala ethembekile izimiso sezifundo enhliziyweni yakhe kancane kancane saqala ukwanda ukucasukelwa isihluku abamhlophe Petlurites kamuva kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza izindaba "Ebusuku inomboro yesithathu" futhi "fly" kule noveli "The iWhite Guard" nemidlalo "Running" futhi "Izinsuku abaphehla ugesi." Honestly ukwenza lowo msebenzi yezokwelapha, Bulgakov ngasekupheleni kuka-1919, waba ubufakazi unwitting zobugebengu okunesihluku eVladikavkaz. Yokwenqaba ukuhlanganyela kule mpi, ekuqaleni kuka-1920, wesula ibutho Denikin Bulgakov. Imisebenzi, uhlu ozosithola kulesi sihloko, ngandlela-thile ibonise lezi kanye neminye imininingwane oluchaza.

umsebenzi yetemibhalo

Mr Mikhail wake unquma ukuhamba nezifundo zakhe e-imithi futhi ukuze uqale ukubhala umsebenzi ngokubhala izihloko emaphephandabeni endawo. Indaba yakhe yokuqala, waqeda ekwindla ka 1919. Ebusika 1919-1920 kwalotshwa ezilula ezihlekisayo eziningana nezindaba. Ngo omunye wabo, "Tribute to wokwenama," utshela indaba izibhelu emgwaqweni eziye kwenzeka phakathi nempi futhi Revolution ekhatsi Kiev Civil.

oluthandwayo lwemidlalo ezigcawugcawu

Bulgakov nje kokuba White umhlalaphansi eVladikavkaz, ubangwa nezibi uphethwe relapsing imfiva. Waphinde entwasahlobo ka-1920, lapho iRed Army ayekade esesikhundleni kakade edolobheni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umbhali waqala ukuba ubambisane ekomidini wamavukelambuso, njengendawo ehlukaniselwe ubuciko esebenzela ingush futhi troupes Ossetic ukudlala, sibonakalisa umbono wakhe ngale inguquko. Kwakumelwe nje ukuyaluza wosuku olulodwa futhi zadalwa ikakhulukazi ukuze sisinde ezikhathini ezinzima. EVladikavkaz Bulgakov okuvelayo zazibonakala inoveli yakhe edumile ethi "Amanothi phezu cuffs."

Ukuhambisa eMoscow

Okokuqala e Tbilisi sabe Batumi Bulgakov ithuba ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Kodwa wayazi ayenakho ukuze usondelane abantu ngalesi sikhathi nzima kuleli zwe. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1921, Bulgakov wathutha eMoscow. Kusukela entwasahlobo ka-1922, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi ngaphansi wazo livela njalo eMoscow namajenali nasemaphephandabeni. I-eseyi satirical kanye amapheshana kubonakala izici eziyinhloko umphakathi post-wamavukelambuso. Into eyinhloko ukubhinqa yobuciko nouveaux ingcebo-nepmen, alibiza ngokuthi "the ukugqwala we nep" (indzaba lemfisha "Cup of Life 'futhi' Trillioner"), kanye nokuba ezingeni eliphansi nesiko amalungu labantu: Abadayisi asempumalanga, izakhamuzi eMoscow ohlanganyelwe, abasebenzi nosaziwayo kanye nabanye. Mr Mikhail amanothi nezici isikhathi esisha. Kwelinye Tindzaba yakhe lapho lo mfana umfundi (njengoba iwuphawu izitayela ezintsha), ehamba emgwaqweni nge knapsack entsha.

"I-Fatal Amaqanda"

"I-Fatal Amaqanda" eshicilelwe ngo-1924, Bulgakov. Imisebenzi, uhlu onikelwa ngezansi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucabanga ngaphandle Ukhulumé le ndaba. isenzo sayo lihlehliselwe phakathi esizayo esikude ngengqondo, ngokunembile, ngo-1928. Khona-ke imiphumela nep kucaca, kuhlanganise kuyanda oqinile lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila sabantu. Peaches, hero lobalulekile wendzaba, wenze ukutholakala enkulu okungase alethe kwabazuzisa kakhulu ngayiphi indlela isintu. Kodwa ezandleni abazidlayo abantu semi ukufunda nokubhala, kanye kwenchubokuphatsa nascent, iqhakazile ngesikhathi ubukhomanisi impi futhi eminye aqiniswa iminyaka nep isikhundla salo, kokusungulwa kuyinhlekelele. Hhayi amapentshisi kuphela, kodwa futhi cishe wonke amaqhawe amanoveli Bulgakov 20s behluleka. Ngo imisebenzi Bulgakov wafuna ukuba badlulisele umfundi umbono ka yokuswela emphakathini wanamuhla ukwamukela izimiso entsha ubudlelwane ngesisekelo sokuhlonipha zabasebenzi, ulwazi kanye namasiko.

"Running" futhi "Izinsuku abaphehla ugesi"

Esikhathini kudlala "Flight" futhi "Izinsuku abaphehla ugesi" (iminyaka 1925-1928), umbhali, kuchazwa lokuthi zonke iziphathimandla ilandelana kulwiwa abamelene nezihlakaniphi. Izinhlamvu lezi imisebenzi abamele evamile okuthiwa "nezihlakaniphi entsha" abalamukela inguquko yokuqala, noma ngokuqapha noma obala balwa nalo. Mr Mikhail ibhekwa usezakhele igama njengomqambi isendlalelo esisha, njengoba amahlaya, wabhala ngo sici sihloko yakhe "Capital encwadini."

Usizi umbhali

Ukukhathalela ushintsho kwezenhlalo, ngazizwa ukungabi nabulungisa, bangabaza isidingo izinyathelo, kodwa akazange adele ukulinga kholwa abantu, e Bulgakov womuntu. Imisebenzi, uhlu okuyinto sinikeza, kubonakala. Bambuza naye futhi wazibonela izinhlamvu ngemisebenzi yakhe, okuyinto kwamhlangabeza nokugxekwa ngiyathukuthela. Ukuhlaselwa umbhali ngo-1929 kwadlanga. Bakhandwa besusiwe zonke lokudlalwayo bakhe: "Crimson Island," "Izinsuku abaphehla ugesi" futhi "Zoyka efulethini". Ukuba nesimo esinzima, umbhali enquma abhalele urhulumende lo, yacela imvume ukuba ahambe kulelo zwe. Ngemva nje ingxoxo Stalin, ngemva kwalokho Bulgakov waqokwa umqondisi we-Moscow Art Theatre njengoba umsizi. Phinda yabonakala izigaba ekwakhiweni kudlala Bulgakov, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile - futhi kabusha kushaywe "Imiphefumulo Dead" (Bulgakov).

Zonke imisebenzi, uhlu okuyinto abekwe ngezansi, abalwe kulesi sihloko, izindaba ngohlelo lokulandelana, kusukela lapho ungabona ukuthi ngemva 1927 ukuphrinta akubonakali noma iyiphi imigqa ngaphezulu umbhali, njengoba wayeyilungu uhlu uvinjelwe. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, Mr Mikhail babengakawulahli ekhaya. Kuyinto ezweni lethu wadala yonke imisebenzi Bulgakov. Uhlu iminyaka yokubhala futhi amagama abo ibhekisela ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko.

"Master noMargarita"

Ngo-1933, umzamo umbhali ukushicilela inoveli senziwa "Life of Mnumzane de Moliere" ochungechungeni "Izimpilo Ezivelele Abantu", kodwa futhi balindele ukwehluleka. Kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, Mr Mikhail ayisaxhunyanisiwe uzama ukushicilela imisebenzi yabo. Lesi sikhathi wayehumusha umsebenzi umkhiqizo "Umninimuzi UMargarita" inoveli, okuyinto eyaba omunye impumelelo kunabo bonke emhlabeni nephrozi kwekhulu lama-20. Ukuze umsebenzi wathatha engu-12 zokuphila Bulgakov.

Izinguqulo zokuqala ezibonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo okwabonakala kuye insufficiently yimpumelelo, ngakho ngemva kweminyaka embalwa wabuyela ngokuphindaphindiwe izinhlamvu zakhe, izingxabano bese beveza izigcawu elisha. Kuphela ngo-1932, le noveli atholwe indaba ukuphelela.

Eminyakeni yamuva, Bulgakov, Nokho, futhi waqhubeka esebenza, azinakho ishicilelwe. It iphuka, futhi lokhu kuye kwaholela exacerbation lesi sifo futhi okwalandela ukufa ekuseni. Bulgakov wafa ngo-March 10, 1940, futhi ungcwatshwa eMoscow, Novodevichy emathuneni.

Uhlu imisebenzi Bulgakov nezinsuku

izindaba:

- "Amanothi phezu cuffs":

• 1922 - "The Adventures Olumangalisayo uDkt", "Red Umqhele", "Ebusuku inomboro yesithathu";
• 1923 - Umlando Chinese "," Raid "," Amanothi phezu cuffs ";
• 1924 - "La Boheme."

- "Amanothi we udokotela osemncane":

• 1925 - "Ubhapathizo ithuba", "ubumnyama yaseGibhithe";
• 1926 - "ithawula nge likhala", "isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa", "Kushoda Eye", "ukuqubuka Ogcwele Izinkanyezi", kanye eseduze umjikelezo kwendaba, "Ngabulala";
• 1927 - eseduze umjikelezo elandisayo yale "Morphine".

UMikhail Bulgakov wabhala imisebenzi ehlukene. Uhlu izindaba kuyiphi siye ohlwini kakade, ibhekwa amanoveli kanye nemidlalo.

amanoveli:

• 1924 - "The iWhite Guard";
• 1962 - "The Life of Mnumzane de Moliere";
• 1965 - "Amanothi umufi";
• 1967 - "Umninimuzi UMargarita".

kudlala:

• 1925 - "Zoyka efulethini";
• 1925 - "Izimali Fist";
• 1926 - "Izinsuku abaphehla ugesi";
• 1930 - "I Cabal of Bazenzisi";
• 1955 - "Alexander Pushkin";
• 1962 - "Run";
• 1965 - "Ivan";
• 1965 - "Crazy Jourdain";
• 1966 - "Bliss";
• 1977 - "Batum";
• 1986 - "Impi Nokuthula";
• 1986 - "Imiphefumulo Dead".

Lawa okudaliwe main ukuthi wadala Bulgakov. Imisebenzi, uhlu okuyinto wethulwa kuwe azigcini okungenhla. satires Lapha siye kuhlanganisiwe hhayi, izihloko, ama-eseyi, namanye imisebenzi, ukuze simbone nalelo futhi kungaba wusizo.

Amafilimu esekelwe imisebenzi Bulgakov, uhlu eye kushiwo lapha ngenhla, wadala eziningi abakhiqizi ezifuywayo angaphandle. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ifilimu lithathelwe "Umninimuzi UMargarita" - U-Alexander Petrovich, George Inani uVladimir Bortko, wadala eRussia.