Kuyini inoveli gothic? amanoveli Modern Gothic

Igama elithi "Gothic" izincwadi ichaza uhlobo, kuhlanganisa horror, romance, yesayensi kanye adventure. Iphayona uhlobo kwaba Umlobi oyiNgisi Horas Uolpol futhi inoveli yakhe "The Castle of Otranto".

Umsuka wenkulumo ethi

Namuhla, igama elithi "Gothic" kuyinto okuhlobene eziningi ezahlukahlukene zobuciko, umlando kanye namasiko. It is kuhlobane ngokuqondile izakhiwo, izincwadi, imidwebo kanye nomculo. Nokho, umqondo wokuqala we eside kukhona, yebo, kusukela igama abantu German - Goths.

I Goths ayengabanye eziningi ezihlobene, kodwa ukuba nenkani kakhulu izizwe zamaJalimane. Sekusele kancane njalo impi nomakhelwane babo, futhi munye kuphela ukulwa Roma. Inani eliphakeme labamemezeli udumo lwabo kwaba V leminyaka, lapho izizwe zakwa Goths entshonalanga nasempumalanga wahlulwa kwabaseRoma futhi walinqoba Spain. Ngemva kwalokho, umlando wesizwe ukuthi amuncwa umlando emazweni anqoba.

Kwaba ezinye emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi elithi "Gothic" yagcina kwenye into. Phakathi Renaissance, lapho isiko classical ithole lokuzalwa yayo yesibili, "Gothic" ngokuthi isitayela yezakhiwo Ephakathi. Ngo namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kwaba uhlobo oluthile amanoveli, kungenxa yokuthi ababhali wakhetha endaweni yesenzo nezakhiwo zasendulo we isitayela Gothic nge umlando eliyimfihlakalo.

Umlando noveli Gothic

inoveli Gothic kwavela igagasi ekuqaleni we romanticism phakathi kwekhulu XVIII futhi kwakuqala ukwanda okungavamile ekhulwini XIX. Wazalwa ngo-England ekuphenduleni azinabo sitayela lesihlelekile amanoveli ka isikhathi.

Nokho, akufanele kuthathwe njengendlela romantic Gothic ekudalweni inoveli. Izimpande zawo sijule kakhulu ngomlando, ithinta umlando medieval eshaqisayo, Folk yezinganekwane, izinkolelo kanye namazwi. Lezi osekukade imithombo ugqozi zisebenzisa amanoveli yesimanje gothic, isibonelo, lo mkhuba bubonakala ngokucacile imisebenzi uStefanu King noma Enn Rays.

Le noveli lokuqala Gothic kwaba umsebenzi Horasa Uolpola "The Castle of Otranto", eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1764. Umbhali ngokwakhe wathi yayinesithakazelo kokubili amanoveli yesimanje kanye zangenkathi ephakathi, kodwa kuzo zombili izinhlobo Walpole wathola amaphutha, okuyindawo wazama ukuqeda ku "Inqaba Otranto". Ngokusho kwakhe, bendabuko romance medieval quirky kakhulu futhi zanamuhla - enengqondo kakhulu. Kodwa abagxeki bamukela emisha izingalo, echaza ukuthi ingxube enjalo eqanjiwe, umlando kanye imibhalo ngamanga kuphambene nezimiso eyamukelekayo etemibhalo.

Naphezu a baxgeki professional, inoveli gothic e ezincwadini nasemasikweni amaNgisi iye yatha- okungavamile, okuyinto ke ukuthonywa ukuvela lolu hlobo ku-German (Schauerroman) nezincwadi isiFulentshi (Georgia namaRoma Noir).

inoveli Gothic ngesiRashiya ngokuthi kumnandi, futhi omunye wabalobi ngubani bacebisa lolu hlobo kuhlanganisiwe Pushkin ( "Indlovukazi Spades"), Lermontov ( "Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu") futhi Gogol ( "Wii", "Ntambama kwi Ipulazi edude Dikanka").

Izakhi noveli Gothic

Izici eziyinhloko noveli Gothic esikhathini lasungulwa wagcizelela imingcele lokho kuvunyelwe ezincwadini zothando. Naphezu kwesifiso imisinga kwamasiko vusa ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa bese ashukumise imizwelo, romantic izincwadi phakathi nekhulu XVIII, ngesandla esiqinile umbono yesimanjemanje.

Abalobi amanoveli gothic efuna ukululaza isakhiwo ezimisiwe yezincwadi isikhathi, ukunaka izihloko amnyama futhi nhlobo ukuthi alikwazanga ukuvulwa, usebenzisa izindlela ezifanele futhi eyamukelekayo. Ukwesaba, ubudlova, imfihlakalo - zonke izakhi ukuthi abadinga ezengeziwe izindlela etemibhalo. inoveli Gothic e ezincwadini nasemasikweni amaNgisi siphoqa umfundi ukuba eqele ngalé amaza ngokomzwelo owaziwa futhi kuyaqondakala, yayakhiwe okwengeziwe kwemizwelo, bezibona, ku equlekile, kodwa aqinile futhi izithakazelo ezifihliwe.

Ngokusho abagxeki abaningi, inoveli gothic yincazelo ezweni liwile, futhi lokhu izwe umfundi waboniswa usebenzisa izakhi eziyisisekelo noveli bendabuko, Nokho, okuyinto, zihluke kakhulu e izici.

esigcawini

Cishe bonke amanoveli isitayela Gothic sithembele enkundleni ukunikeza ngokomzwelo Umbala umkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, Emashadi, namathafa, isimo sezulu, kanye nezinye izakhi kwemvelo bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu lolu hlobo.

Isigcawu ejwayelekile noveli Gothic, kuphakamisa hhayi kuphela umuzwa kwesaba, kodwa futhi lichaza esiqedayo zezwe lonke. izakhiwo Old, amanxiwa futhi bathi uma ukuphila ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele, futhi manje konke ishiywa - kuphela liyisithunzi esidlule, akazithukusile emlandweni wakhe, futhi igcina izimfihlo ukhohliwe.

protagonists

Heroes amanoveli Gothic akha inhlobo archetypes, futhi kukhona isampula izici zawo, okuyinto efanelekayo imikhiqizo eminingi.

I protagonist ngokuvamile kuphela, ngokuvamile kuba ekudingisweni noma ejele - bebodwa noma ngokumelene nalo. Anti-iqhawe ubeqhakambisa okubi - isimo izuzwe kuzo ngokusebenzisa amaphutha abo siqu, ngenxa yochungechunge oluthile lwezinto ezenzeke izenzo kanye nezinqumo, noma iphutha abanye. I protagonist yemisebenzi lolu hlobo ngokuvamile ongamazi izulazula emhlabeni, ngokuba ekudingisweni esiphakade, okungase kube uhlobo isijeziso sikaNkulunkulu.

indaba

Ngokuvamile esiqintini inoveli Gothic ibonisa emhlabeni wokudamba. Umdlali oyinhloko, ukhathele wokuba wedwa / ejele / ekudingisweni, sibhekene okubi, ngokuvamile ngesimo nesilingo noma ukukhohlisa. Nesilingo kubangela iqhawe ukuya ngokumelene naye, ukuze isono, nokuba ngiqede ukuwa kwakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, e noveli "Ambrosio, noma Monk" M. G. Lyuisa protagonist - isampula monk Spanish Order, ebayalela Matilda, okuyinto empeleni idemoni, wathumela umphefumulo monk.

The main themes

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izihloko ezisemqoka uhlobo Gothic iyona kwemvelo kanye engenakufinyeleleka, phakathi kwabo bubonakala ngokucacile zonke main theme Romanticism - inkinga ka "indoda engadingekile", uhlobo Byronic iqhawe ukuphikisana kudliwa.

Umuntu kumelwe amane abheke ngemuva umgubuzelo eshaqisayo nasezintweni ezinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, iqhawe Ungaqonda ngomuntu owathi njengazo zonke yokwesaba eyinqaba futhi ukungabaza. Vele izincwadi Gothic livame ukwenza ihaba kakhulu zonke lezo ukwesaba ngawo umuntu sihlangana usuku ngalunye.

Ukugxekwa izincwadi Gothic

inoveli Gothic phakathi ukhona uye phansi ukugxeka ahlukahlukene. Literary izibalo ngokuvamile ezihambisana izakhi kule noveli Gothic nemizwa ejulile izifiso yomuntu. Ikhulu entsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa psychoanalysis kwaba isizathu ukudweba ukufana okukhona phakathi izakhi Gothic futhi enganakile womuntu.

Ngokusho Davis, Morris, lolu hlobo - Gothic inoveli - unika ngaphandle imiva, tifiso, kanye nokwesaba ukuthi abantu ngokuvamile ifuna ukulawula, fihla futhi indiva. Umzabalazo protagonist nge okubi kwemvelo kuyinto emelela umzabalazo wangempela kakhulu ukuthi umuntu imicabango nochuku nokufuna izinto imfihlo.

Zabesifazane Gothic nezincwadi zokufunda

IsiZulu Gothic inoveli ne izinqaba zayo, emigodini, amahlathi, nemikhondo imfihlo amnyama, wakhonza njengephayona ukuzalwa into ehlukile izincwadi zesiNgisi isikhathi. izincwadi Gothic zabesifazane, lapho la maphayona Enn Redklif, Meri Shelli futhi Charlotte Brontë, wavumela abesifazane-abalobi okokuqala ukuveza izifiso professional kanye nomphakathi, kanye izifiso zabo zobulili. isitayela Mahhala inoveli gothic avunyelwe ladies ukukhulisa nezindaba ezifana wokwehlayo ngokobulili, amagugu ngamadoda kanye ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu besifazane ngokocansi emphakathini IsiZulu olandelanayo.

Lokho amanoveli zabesifazane waqamba yokubhala ngokuthi "incazelo kwemvelo." Le nqubo ngobuqili avunyelwe ladies ukubhala amanoveli, efanayo ngokubukeka, kwemizwelo futhi ngokuvamile okuqukethwe ukuba Gothic, kodwa Nokho, echazwe ukuphila kwangempela kakhulu.

ithonya Gothic ku izimbongi zothando

Top amanoveli Gothic baye baba nethonya esilinganisekayo kwi-English izimbongi zothando. imisebenzi Famous kaSamuweli Taylor Coleridge - "The Rime we-Mariner sidilizwa" futhi "Christabel", kanye nemisebenzi ezingaqondakali of Dzhona Kitsa "Eva St. Agnes" futhi "U-Isabella", zinezinto ezifanayo Gothic. izici inoveli Gothic, ezifana umbono, izipoki, iziphepho futhi zivuse horror izincazelo iyinkathazo namathafa othathwe imisebenzi yezimbongi Enn Redklif.

Umsebenzi wokuqala eshicilelwe Persi Bishi Shelli Gothic inoveli kwaba "Zastrotsi" kwezithunjwa, ogcwele yokuziphindiselela uyise kanye nezihlobo zakhe half-brother. Ngemva konyaka wanyathelisa incwadi yesibili, 'INgcwelengcwele Irvine, "uhlamvu kabani main khona Alchemist ofuna bathola imfihlo ukuphila okuphakade. Bobabili imisebenzi zazinzima okwe version-mbumbulu yalesi Gothic inoveli, Nokho, abathintekayo hhayi kuphela umsebenzi ka uShelley, kodwa futhi umkakhe esizayo, baba nombhali "Frankenstein."

Hhayi indima okungenani kakhulu ekuthuthukeni Gothic uhlobo ngadlala edumile Nkosi Byron. indlovukazi yakhe ishiywe imbongi lachazwa 'njengendebe crazy, okubi futhi iyingozi "umuntu, lokho kwaba izici eziyinhloko ukuzazisa Alter Childe uHarold - prototype hero Byronic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Byron ngokuvamile ahlele imincintiswano best indaba ezingaqondakali phakathi embuthanweni yakhe labangane-ababhali, kuhlanganise yena, owakwakhe uShelley kanye Dzhona Polidori. Ngokusho baxgeki Le mihlangano ziye zakhonza imbangela ngokudala "Frankenstein" indaba futhi "Vampire" Polidori sika.

Inkathi uVictoria kanye rethinking uhlobo Gothic

Ngu ekuqaleni kokubusa ethandwa inoveli Queen Victoria gothic kwehle kakhulu kungenxa yokuhlangenwe ukugxekwa negative, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ukuthandwa amanoveli zomlando Walter Scott. Nokho, rethinking uhlobo izincwadi uVictoria Gothic elindelwe.

Edgara Alana kubhekwa Innovator ezibaluleke kakhulu ezincwadini Gothic ku. Umlobi uyikhokhe njengemali ukunakwa lukhulu Psychology izinhlamvu, indlela izakhi eziningi yendabuko uhlobo. Kuyinto umhlaziyi omkhulu tetemibhalo, Njengoba kahle kokubili emihle nemibi Gothic, zigxile kakhulu isimo sengqondo izinhlamvu zakhe. Ngokusho kwakhe, horror kwaba etemibhalo indaba ephathwayo, okufanelekelayo cwaningo.

Izinguquko eyenzeke inoveli labesifazane gothic. "Wuthering Heights" Emily Brontë has zonke izakhi ezidingekayo: scene amnyama, izipoki iqhawe Byronic lapho sibhekene Heathcliff. Nokho, umlingiswa oyinhloko webhayisikobho noveli akuyona nje ejele, futhi uhlushwa ukungabi nabulungisa okwenziwa umphakathi nobulili wezinzalamizi ukubandlulula. Heroine eyinhloko odade Brontë alethwe ngemuva social inoveli labesifazane gothic.

Uhlobo owaba nethonya elikhulu isici ngenkathi abalobi ezifana Charles Dickens. Wema ngasemnyango izisekelo Verviers Gothic izincwadi onesihloko esithi "Urban Gothic inoveli." Emakhasini yemisebenzi yakhe emigwaqweni eyingozi yaseLondon kukhona ezicindezelayo kakhulu endaweni isinyathelo gothic liletha horror futhi efuna ukuphuma. Imisebenzi enjalo ngokuthi "Oliver Twist," "Amathemba Omkhulu" nethi "Indlu Bleak" wathuthela isenzo kule noveli Gothic zisemikhakheni ezisemadolobheni nasezindaweni ezizungezile.

Ezinyathelweni Dickens wahamba abalobi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Ukuphela kwenkathi uVictoria imakwe yokwanda entsha e ukuthandwa ezisemadolobheni inoveli gothic, wathola sibonga nokuzalwa kabusha imisebenzi Robert Louis Stevenson ( "Case Ongavamile uDkt Jekyll futhi Mr Hyde"), Genri Dzheymsa ( "Vula we Intulo") futhi Oscar Wilde ( "The Isithombe Dorian Gray").

I omelene edume kunayo uhlobo Gothic - Bala Dracula - uvele on emakhasini inoveli by Bram Stoker. Stoker uye yabakhanga abalobi mystics ukuba eTransylvania naseMpumalanga Yurophu wonkana, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo walenza esifundeni scene ozithandayo amanoveli gothic.

amanoveli Modern Gothic

abalobi yesimanje Abaningi yesayensi kanye nabamele nezinye izinhlobo eziningi usebenzisa izakhi gothic ngemisebenzi yakhe. Gothic horror izindaba, izibonelo njengondunankulu okungaba imisebenzi Enn Rays, ngekhono ihlanganisa isiko ngekhulu XVIII nge nenkululeko yokukhuluma tetemibhalo, nobuntu izincwadi yesimanje. Gothic, ngandlela-thile, ezinye amanoveli kukaStefanu King futhi umsebenzi Daphne du Maurier. charm ezithile gothic kuthiwa rethinking izindaba eziningi mayelana eyayisekhanda lami. Futhi, ukuze uhlobo Gothic bungabalwa phakathi eminye imisebenzi Nila Geymana, uTerry Pratchett ngisho Dena Brauna.