Ukwahlukanisa hormone. Iqhaza lama-hormone emzimbeni womuntu

Kuthiwa ama-hormone okuthiwa nabavoti amakhemikhali uhlelo oluphelele ukulawulwa imisebenzi umzimba. Lokhu izinto abazalwa ezahlukene onekhono ukuba adlulisele amasignali amaseli. lokhu kuxhumana zibangelwa ushintsho isiqondiso futhi ufake umfutho owengeziwe umzimba, ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka, ukwethulwa kwemisebenzi ebalulekile noma ukucindezelwa yabo kanye nokulungisa.

I-hormone - kuyinto organic chemical zamagama ophuma e endocrine nezindlala noma izingxenye endocrine elixutshwe endocrine nezindlala. Basuke labelwe ngqo imvelo yangaphakathi, lapho ngezikhathi basakaza bese uyiswa ukukhomba izitho. Lapha bayakwazi kunethonya nomphumela yemvelo okuyinto waqaphela esebenzisa ama-receptor. Ngoba i-hormone ngamunye has ngokucacile esikhethekile yokwamukela ethile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi izinto ezithinta umsebenzi owodwa noma inqubo emzimbeni. Ukwahlukanisa ngenxa yesenzo hormone, izicubu tropism futhi isakhiwo chemical kuboniswa ngokucace kakhudlwana.

Umqondo jikelele ukubaluleka hormone

ngezigaba Modern hormone uyazicabangela lezi izinto kusukela amaphuzu amaningi umbono. Futhi bahlanganiswa into eyodwa: ihomoni okuthiwa yi-organic compounds, ogama zamagama kwenzeka kuphela emzimbeni. Ukuba khona kwabo sici ephelele cishe zakho konke ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo lapho ukulawulwa imisebenzi umzimba ubuye humoral umsebenzi esele futhi izinhlelo sezinzwa. Futhi uvele ngaphambi kwe-e-phylogeny we sezinzwa humoral uhlelo lokulawula lolu hlelo. Ngisho izilwane bakudala ayenakho, nakuba eseneminyaka obangela imisebenzi eyisisekelo kunazo.

Ama-hormone Nemithi izinto eziphila abakhuthele

Kukholakala ukuthi kwawona simiso begazi izinto asebenzayo (BAS) kanye ama-receptor esithile sici ngisho amaseli. Nokho, umqondo wegama elithi "ama-hormone" futhi "BAS" akuzona ezifanayo. Ihomoni okuthiwa yi-BAS, okuyinto akhishelwa imvelo yangaphakathi futhi ine umphumela iqembu ezikude amaseli. BAS yena, izenzo endaweni. Izibonelo izinto eziphila abakhuthele, okuyinto naye kubhekiselwa kuye njengoMsindisi izinto ama-hormone like kukhona chalones. Lezi izinto zikhishwa cell labantu, lapho ekuvimbeleni ukukhiqizwa kabusha futhi ilawule apoptosis. Isibonelo BAS nazo prostaglandins. ngezigaba Modern hormone inike kubo eqenjini elithile eicosanoids. Ahloselwe ukulawulwa endawo ukuvuvukala kwezicubu futhi ukufeza izinqubo hemostatic ezingeni arteriole.

Chemical ngezigaba hormone

Kuthiwa ama-hormone kukhona isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu eziningana. Lokhu elibahlukanisile kanye lo mshini wezenzo, ngoba lezi zinto kufanele ezahlukene ukusebenza tropism zokuphakela ngamanzi kanye nokukhuculula lipids. Ngakho, ngezigaba chemical hormone simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• iqembu peptide (labelwe i-ndlala pituitary hypothalamus, amanyikwe, futhi indlala parathyroid) ;
• iqembu steroid (endocrine labelwe ingxenye gonads besilisa izindawo adrenal cortical);
• iqembu acid acid nemikhiqizo (ezakhiwe indlala yegilo kanye adrenal ubuchopho ungqimba);
• iqembu eicosanoids (amaseli egqanyisiwe kuthiwa umqondo kusuka arachidonic acid).

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi hormone ocansini owesifazane zifakwe eqenjini steroid. Nokho, ama kukhona ngokuvamile akuzona: kwethonya hormone yalolu hlobo ongakaphathelani umphumela Anabolic. Ngakho umzimba wabo aliholeli kumiswa 17-ketosteroids. hormone wesibeletho, nakuba ikhipha efana nezinye steroid, kodwa zingekho. Ngenxa yokuthi umqondo kusuka cholesterol, ukuba lula eziyisisekelo chemical ngeengaba, basuke ubalwe njengenye lonke steroid.

Ukwahlukanisa endaweni zamagama

ejenti kwama-hormone ingahlukaniswa futhi endaweni zamagama. Ezinye akhiwa kwezicubu neuropathy, kuyilapho abanye - ku isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Kuleli kuncike ngendlela uketshezi kanye ukukhululwa kwe ikhemikhali ebangela ukuqaphela ngokukhethekile ngethonya lazo. Ukwahlukanisa hormone endaweni efana nalena:

• hormone hypothalamic (ukukhulula izici);
• pituitary (utho hormone, vasopressin futhi oxytocin);
• yegilo (calcitonin, triiodothyronine kanti tetraiodothyronine);
• parathyroid (i-hormone parathyroid);
• nedpochechnikovye (norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, androgens);
• ubulili (oestrogens, androgens);
• pancreatic (glucagon, insulin);
• Indwangu (leukotrienes, prostaglandins);
• hormone APUD (motilin, gastrin, njll).

Iqembu lokugcina izinto hormone bengayiqondi ngokugcwele. It is kuhlelwe iqembu elikhulu endocrine nezindlala elise izigaba engenhla emathunjini, pancreas. inhloso yabo wukulawula exocrine uketshezi of nezindlala wokugaya ukudla motility emathunjini.

Ukwahlukanisa hormone ngohlobo umphumela

izinto ezihlukahlukene hormone babe nemiphumela ezahlukene ezicutshini begazi. Bona zihlukaniswe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• nabalawuli umzimba (glucagon, triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, cortisol, insulin);
• elawula imisebenzi yezinye nezindlala endocrine (ngxenye ukukhulula izici, ama-hormone pituitary utho);
• nabalawuli calcium ne phosphorus umzimba (parathyroid -hormone okuthiwa i-calcitonin futhi calcitriol);
• nabalawuli amanzi-usawoti yakhoibrium (vasopressin, aldosterone);
• nabalawuli umsebenzi zokuzala (hormone ocansini);
• hormone yokucindezeleka (norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol);
• Izilawuli kuletse izinga lokukhula cell division (ozokusebenzisa, insulin, tetraiodothyronine);
• nabalawuli we sezinzwa uhlelo, isimiso semizwelo (hydrocortisone, i-hormone adrenocorticotropic, testosterone).

I uketshezi hormone kanye zokuthutha

Uketshezi hormone kungakazukufika masinyane ngemva zamagama abo. Bayakhothama ngqo igazi noma izicubu uketshezi. Kugcine indawo uketshezi nobuntu eicosanoids: akumelwe isinyathelo kude amaseli, ngoba umsebenzi elawula yonke indwangu sabantu. Futhi hormone wesibeletho, pituitary, amanyikwe, nabanye ukusabalala igazi wonke umzimba kusesho kwezitho target ukuthi babe receptor esithile. Kusukela igazi bathola e uketshezi intercellular, okuyinto ithunyelwa iseli isitho target.

ukudluliselwa esiginali phezu yokwamukela

Ukwahlukaniswa ngenhla hormone libonise lwalezozinto nomthelela ezicutshini futhi izitho. Nakuba kungenzeka lokhu kuphela ngemva yokubopha ikhemikhali ukuze yokwamukela. Kwakamuva zihlukile futhi zitholakala phezu amaseli nasesikhathini cytoplasm, phezu ulwelwesi enuzi kanye ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus. Ngoba isignali indlela yokudlulisela izinto zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:

• extracellular ukudluliswa indlela;
• isignali transduction.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa eziyisisekelo hormone evumela ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho mayelana isivinini isignali yokudlulisela. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela extracellular kakhulu ngokushesha kunokuba intracellular. Kuyinto isici adrenalin, noradrenaline nezinye hormone peptide. indlela Intracellular esivamile ama lipophilic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuzuze umzimba abayifunayo ngokushesha e synthesis peptides kuyinto. Ngemva ekukhiqizweni kwama-hormone steroid, kancane kakhulu futhi isignali abo transduction indlela futhi siyehla isidingo amaprotheni zamagama kanye nokuvuthwa.

Isici izinhlobo mkhosi

Mshini extracellular sici hormone peptide, okungakwazi uthole ngemuva ulwelwesi cytoplasmic phakathi cytoplasm ngaphandle Transporter amaprotheni ethize. Per se singanikezwanga, kanye isignali idluliselwa ngokusebenzisa adenylate uhlelo cyclase ngokushintsha conformation we izakhiwo yokwamukela ngaye.

indlela Intracellular ilula kakhulu. It wenziwa emva Ukungena izinto lipophilic esitokisini, lapho uhlangana yokwamukela cytoplasmic. Naye, ke wakha eziyinkimbinkimbi-hormone okuthiwa i-yokwamukela, olunceleka nucleus futhi kuba nethonya izakhi ezithile zofuzo. ukusebenza yabo kuholela ukuqala amaprotheni zamagama, okuyinto umphumela yamangqamuzana kwale hormone. Umthelela langempela isivele iprotheni ulawula umsebenzi oyifunayo ngemva zamagama alo nemfundo.