Ukwahlukanisa amalunga omzimba womuntu. Ukwahlukanisa amalunga isakhiwo

Amalunga ngokuthi amaqembu mobile amathambo ahlukahlukene. A umehluko isici kwezinye izinhlobo ngokuhlanganisa izakhi ezahlukene isakhiwo skeleton of the umzimba womuntu khona umgodi ethile egcwele uketshezi. ngokuhlanganyela ngasinye siqukethe izingxenye eziningana:

• uqwanga (hyaline ngaphandle kwakwakhe nge yesikhashana ithambo mandibular) ebusweni;
• capsule;
• ingaphakathi;
• uketshezi lwamalunga.

Umbono ovamile amalunga abantu

I ukushuba we ungqimba uqwanga zingahluka kusuka mncane kakhulu, mayelana 0.2 mm obukhulu ngokwanele ukuba - mayelana 6 mm. Lo mehluko wenza abalulekile kunqunywa umthwalo umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela. Kukhula ingcindezi, kanye ukuhamba alo, lo mkhulu hyaline ebusweni.

Ukwahlukanisa amalunga omzimba womuntu kuhilela sokuhlukanisa wabayisa amaqembu amaningana ezimele ezikhonjwe uphawu efanayo. Kukhona cishe:

• ngenani evele - okulula, okulukhuni, kuhlanganiswe, ehlangene;
• ku Ukujikeleza izimbazo - uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial;
• ukuma - cylindrical, trochlear, Helical, ellipsoidal, condylar, Izihlalo zamahhashi, eyindilinga, flat;
• phezu kungenzeka ukunyakaza.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso inhlanganisela

Abahlukahlukene uqwanga ebusweni ukuthi usebenze oxhumene, ichaze inkimbinkimbi noma yinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo kwakwakhe. Ukwahlukanisa amalunga omzimba (bheka ithebula komzimba) ikuvumela ukuba afeze division yabo ku okulula, okulukhuni, inhlanganisela, eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Simple - libhekene khona evele ezimbili uqwanga, futhi zingase ezakhiwe amathambo amabili noma ngaphezulu. Njengoba isibonelo, engenhla esitho emalungeni: phalangeal futhi esihlakaleni. Kumiswa wokuqala wabo ka amathambo amabili. Esesibili - iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho. Omunye ebusweni joint esihlakaleni oluyisisekelo kwesokudla amathambo amathathu we proximal irowu carpal.

Inxanxathela - ezakhiwe ezishelelayo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu, ibekwe kwelinye capsule. Empeleni, kuba amalunga omzimba ezimbalwa ezilula, ukwazi ukusebenza kokubili ndawonye eceleni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlanganyela indololwane has amaningi njengoba eziyisithupha evele. Bakha ezintathu kwakwakhe ngekutimela capsule olulodwa.

Ezinye amalunga isakhiwo, ngaphezu main, unamadivayisi ezengeziwe, ezifana amadiski noma menisci. Ukwahlukanisa emalungeni libhekisela kuzo njengemimoya eziyinkimbinkimbi. Amadiski ukwabelana ngalo ingaphakathi ngokuhlanganyela zibe izingxenye ezimbili, kanjalo zakha isimiso "izibuya" uxhumano. Menisci kukhona efomini a inhlendla. Bobabili amadivayisi ukunikeza amafomu umugqa eduze cartilage emalungeni capsule isihlobo komunye nomunye.

Ukwahlukanisa amalunga isakhiwo inike into ezifana ngokuhlanganisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uxhumo ezimbili ezihlukene, ngokuba ezimele, ungasebenza kuphela ndawonye. Isibonelo esingokoqobo synergism ezinjalo angabizwa ngokuthi sokunene nesobunxele temporomandibular amalunga omzimba.

rotatable

compounds Joint ukunikeza uhlobo, ubukhulu kanye trajectory wethambo womuntu skeleton iminyakazo. Ukujikeleza Biomechanical kwenzeka mayelana izimbazo ukuthi kungaba amaningi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona mpo, sagittal futhi transverse. Ukwahlukanisa emalungeni ngesisekelo ezikhonjwe kwezinhlobo eziningana.

• Uniaxial - abe-eksisi eyodwa ngokushintshana. Ngokwesibonelo, emalungeni interphalangeal uvumele flexion nokwelulwa kweminwe kanye nezinye izinhlangano zenkululeko kungenteki.
• Oluvala amasondo - amabili ama-eksisi ukuzungeza. Isibonelo esivamile ilunga esihlakaleni.
• Triaxial - ukunyakaza zonke izindiza kungenzeka - ehlombe, hip amalunga omzimba.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso amafomu

Ukwahlukanisa emalungeni emafomini kuyinto ngempela ebanzi. uxhumano ngamunye evolutionarily kufanelekile, ukunciphisa umthwalo futhi ukwandisa sezisebenza.

• Cylindrical. It has a-eksisi eyodwa Ukujikeleza - longitudinal. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kukhona amalunga omzimba cylindrical nge isikhungo esinqunyiwe emhlabeni lapho kwakwenziwa iringi (Atlanta-eksisi), futhi okuphambene nalokho, njengoba kwenze ukuba ilunga radioulnar.
• Ginglymoid - ngokuhlanganyela uniaxial. Isihloko kuyinto determinant oqondile yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu. Omunye ebusweni has simise ikamu, okuyinto kuhlangene yesibili inkatho uqwanga, kanjalo zakha isimiso ukukhiya (amalunga omzimba interphalangeal).
• Kuvunguza. Olunye uhlobo uxhumano ginglymoid. It has eyodwa oluvala amasondo kanye Helical ezengeziwe offset. Isibonelo endololwaneni.

• Ellipsoid - uzungeza kuma ezimbili izimbazo - mpo futhi sagittal. Movement kulo ngokuhlanganyela kwenza flexion, isandiso, adduction futhi ukuthunjwa (esihlakaleni ngokuhlanganyela).
• Condylar. ngokuhlanganyela Biaxial. umumo Its uqwanga emangalisayo ephindwe kakhulu ayizindunduma ngakolunye uhlangothi kanti flat ngakolunye. Ekugcineni ngaba nokucindezeleka ezincane zibonakala khona. I okusobala kakhulu isibonelo - joint kwedolo. Ukwahlukanisa ikhomba nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali ukuma condylar. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlanganyela temporomandibular.
• Saddle. Lakhiwa evele ezimbili - convex kanye ngilugweda. Kwakheka isihlanganisi bakwazi ukuthuthela eduze ezimbili izimbazo - engaphelele kanye sagittal. Isibonelo esiyinhloko kungaba metacarpal-phalangeal kwakwakhe isithupha.

Omunye omkhulu kakhulu emzimbeni - joint hip. Ukwahlukanisa limbiza spheroidal. It has a ukuma sici. Movement Kwenziwa ngokuvumelana izimbazo ezintathu ezahlukene. Omunye ezihlukahlukene kuyinto eyindilinga ngokuhlanganyela inkomishi emise. It has a amplitude engezansi ukunyakaza kungenzeka.

Ukwahlukanisa amathambo namalunga ukuhlukanisa division yabo by emnyangweni. Ngokwesibonelo, yibhande nasemilenzeni aphansi noma engenhla, Yekhanda, emgogodleni. Lesi sakamuva siqukethe amathambo amancane - amathambo. Amalunga phakathi kwabo kukhona flat, angasebenzi kodwa uyakwazi ukuhamba ngebhayisikili izimbazo ezintathu.

kwakwakhe Articular wethambo yesikhashana futhi mandibular

Leli lunga kuyinto elihlangene nekuhlanganisa. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela kwenzeka kanyekanye ngakwesokudla bese ngakwesokunxele. Kungaba iyiphi axis. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa lithathelwe umhlathi ongezansi kuya ukuhlafuna futhi ekhuluma. ingaphakathi isihlanganisi bisected ngu fibrous uqwanga disk zazo spliced ukuba egobolondweni lelunga.

Ezidabukile amalunga omzimba?

Amalunga emzimbeni womuntu une-umsebenzi obaluleke - ukunyakaza. Lapho iphila, amplitude we senzo siyabhubha. Life ngaphandle umuzwa izinhlungu nokuphatheka kabi kuyinto ejabulisa kakhulu okwedlula wona.

Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene izifo amalunga omzimba. Ukwahlukanisa lubahlukanise ngeenqhema ezi izimpawu ezithile, inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nohlobo ukugeleza (acute, subacute, zezifo ezingelapheki). Pathologically avelele:

• arthralgia (ubuhlungu bamalunga esinqunyiwe noma imvelo oluyingozi);
• sokuqaqamba kwamalunga (ukuvuvukala);
• arthrosis (izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa esiwohlozayo);
• izifo azalwa nako.

sokuqaqamba kwamalunga

Inani elikhulu izifo ezithinta idivayisi inkomba, okubangela ukungakhuli umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela. Ukwahlukanisa sokuqaqamba kwamalunga inike ezithathelwanayo, non-esithathelanayo, kuhlasimulise futhi ahlobene (ezinye izifo). Luhlu lolujulile evunyiwe 1958 iCongress of ophikweni olubhekene nezifo zamathambo.

sokuqaqamba kwamalunga ezithathelwanayo ehlanganisa iqembu elikhulu izifo, kukhona ethize oholele lethality eyaziwa zinhlobo kwamagciwane, ezifana imbewu eletha tubercle, noma evolutive. Ugcizelela isifo ngokuhlanganyela lombhali: Sokol-Buyo, spondylitis, kunjalo.

sokuqaqamba kwamalunga Non-ezithathelwanayo futhi igama dystrophic. Bona kwenzeke kaningi, etiology we onhlobonhlobo. Phakathi kwezimbangela kungenzeka izinguquko ezihlobene nokukhula, umthelela ongemuhle yizici zemvelo (hypothermia, umthwalo ngokweqile), iziyaluyalu ama-hormone umzimba (sifo, abanale nkinga, hemophilia nabanye.).

sokuqaqamba kwamalunga Obungapheli kukhule ukuhlukumezeka esingagwegwesi, ukulimala amalunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangase bavele ngenxa vibration isikhathi eside.

Inani elikhulu arthritis kuhambisana nezinye izifo ezihlobene system zemisipha. amafomu Okungalapheki psoriasis, omzimba izicubu erythematosus, dermatitis - uyakwazi bahlanganyele wonke amalunga e inqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, samathambo imbangela wegazi, ezinye izifo yamaphaphu (sarcoidosis) , futhi isimiso sezinzwa. Ubuthi bomthofu futhi ngokuvamile ibangela inqubo esiwohlozayo emalungeni.

arthralgia

Ubuhlungu, ehambisana nomsebenzi we emalungeni libizwa arthralgia. Uhlamvu indlela abukeka ngayo kungaba olukha phezulu noma ezijulile, unomphela noma okwesikhashana, kuthinte eyodwa noma ezimbalwa compounds cartilage. Lesi sifo ngokuvamile kuthinta emalungeni ngobukhulu emzimbeni womuntu: kwedolo, indololwane, hip. Okuncane abathintekayo ingasaphathwa njalo.

Arthralgia avame ukuhamba izimpawu ezihlukahlukene nezifo ezithathelwanayo, ikakhulukazi okwenzeka nge izimo okunomkhuhlane. Ngo sitholakele izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ahlolisise anamnesis esibophezelayo. ucwaningo Laboratory kufaka ukubala inani izinhlayiyana zegazi, kanye nezinye izilingo nezivivinyo.

arthrosis

Ukwahlukanisa amalunga omzimba, i-osteoarthritis, izimangalo angeke kungagcini olulodwa yabo noma eqenjini elithile. Ngokwaso lesi sifo okubi kakhulu, ngoba lihlotshaniswa ukubhujiswa uqwanga. Lokhu kuholela ukusonteka amalunga. It is wafakazela ukuthi indima esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni arthritis yofuzo udlala - ufuzo. Ubungozi lesi sifo kusuke kungabantu abazimo zabo imisebenzi ihlobene ngokuqondile umthwalo njalo ku emalungeni :. abalungisa izinwele, abagijimi, abashayeli, njll Isizathu kungaba yesikhathi eside iziyaluyalu hormone emzimbeni.

kombungu esizalweni amalunga

Kobukhulu kombungu esizalweni amalunga omzimba is ziyahlukahluka kusuka imnene ezinzima. Hlukanisa sebuningini izifo ezisanda kubelethwa. Lezi zihlanganisa: arthrogryposis, pseudarthrosis shin, dislocation azalwa naso we hip noma patella, hip dysplasia, -Marfan syndrome (isifo autosomal).

Nokuvinjelwa kwezifo of emalungeni

Eminyakeni yamuva, izifo of the system zemisipha kakhulu ngezicabha. Uma ngaphambili isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala iziguli kwaba zeminyaka 55, manje-ke iqinile 40.

Ukuze ugweme ukuxakeka ezinzima futhi ngiphile impilo ende ngaphandle nokukhawula nokuhamba kwazo, kubalulekile ukuze kuqashwe impilo jikelele kanye lokufeza esifike ngesikhathi yesondlo izifo. Kuyinto ukulawula isisindo somzimba, Ukudla, ukukhishwa imikhuba emibi futhi ukuzikhandla ngokulinganisela.