Ukutshala kanye nama-walnuts akhula

I-Walnut ingakhula engxenyeni enkulu yensimu yaseRussia. Kungenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziyigugu kakhulu. Ngenani lezinto ezihle, i-nati cishe ayilingani phakathi kwabanye abameleli bomhlaba wesitshalo.

Umuthi ukhula ngokushesha, ukhula ngokukhululekile futhi isikhathi eside. Ukukhula kwama-walnuts kusiza ukuqinisa impilo futhi unikeze umzimba ngomkhiqizo ophelele eliphezulu. Kwanele ukutshala izihlahla ezingu-2-3 kusayithi lakho ukuze uthole inani elidingekile lokuvuna okunomsoco, okunomsoco nokuphilile. Ngokusekelwe esithelweni se-nut, ungalungisa izitsha ezihlukahlukene nezitshalo, futhi wenze imithi ephumelelayo.

Abalimi abaningi banesithakazelo sendlela yokukhulisa i-walnut ukuze ihlale ihlala isikhathi eside futhi kuletha injabulo ekubukeni kwayo ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngezindlela zokukhiqiza nokulima kwalesi sihlahla.

I-Walnut esifundeni saseMoscow: sikhula

I-Walnut iyisithambile, isihlahla esinezihlahla ezinamaqabunga amakhulu kakhulu, igxolo elikhanyayo kanye nezithelo zomhlaba ezidumile.

Namuhla kunzima ukuthola isiqephu sezwe lapho i-walnut ingeke ikhule khona. Emadolobheni, ukukhulisa lesi sihlahla kunobunzima. Lapha zitshala izinhlobo ezinamandla kakhulu nezikhulayo. Isiko esingenakuhlonipha nesigcina sikhula futhi sihlwanyela kahle ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi nakwezinye izindawo. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezisemhlabathini ezinesihlabathi futhi ezingenamandla, kungcono ukuthi ungakhulumi i-walnut. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kumele atholakale okungenani ama-1.5 m. Endaweni eyomile, ukuchelela kufanele kuhlinzekwe.

Ukukhiqizwa kwama-walnuts

Abantu abaningi banesithakazelo embuzweni wokuthi ungakhula kanjani i-walnut. Ungasakaza ngezindlela ezimbili: nge imbewu kanye vegetatively (ngokugoma).

Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu

Ukuhlakulela ama-walnuts ezivela imbewu kuyindlela esemqoka yokukhiqiza. Imbewu ivunwa kuphela kumafomu wendawo. Khetha impilo enempilo, ngaphandle kokulimala okubalulekile kwasebusika, isihlahla se-testicle esinokukhula okuhle, sinomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke naphezulu (okungenani ama-20-25 kg wamantongomane omile). Izithelo zomuthi kufanele zibe mkhulu. Umgogodla wenziwa kahle futhi wenziwa kalula. Isikhathi sokuvuna imbewu sinqunywa ukubukeka nokuvuthwa kwe-pericarp (i-pericarp). Uma sekuvele sekuqalile uketshezi oluhlaza noma kulula ukuhlukanisa uma usika, ungavuna imbewu.

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhula kwama-walnuts kusuka kumbewu kanje: ama nati aqoqwe aqala ukuhlanzwa kusukela ku-pericarp futhi amisiwe isonto elangeni, bese ehamba ngaphansi kwendwangu yamadayimani. Ukumiswa kokugcina nokugcina kugcinwa ekamelweni elomile ngehora lokushisa lika 19-20 ^o C. Ukufika, kutholakala amantongomane kuphela anempilo, ajwayelekile.

Imbewu ihlwanyelwa ekwindla. Indlela eyinhloko yokulungiselela i-stratification yabo, ngaphandle kokuthi amantongomane atshalwe isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakwenzeka ukuthola impahla ehambelanayo yokutshala.

Isikhathi kanye nemodi ye-stratification ixhomeke ngokuyinhloko ekuqandeni kwalesi sihloko:

• Imbewu encane-imbewu - cishe izinsuku ezingu-90-100 ekushiseni kwemoya ka-0-7 ° C;
• Amantongomane anezigobolondo eziphakathi futhi ezincane, izinsuku ezingu-35-45 ekushiseni kwe-16-18 ° C.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho nalabo abakhiqizi bezinhlanzi banesikhathi esingalingani sokuhluma - i-naklevyvanie yabo ingahlala izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-20. Ukusheshisa inqubo, qhubeka kanje.

Ngaphambi kokutshala, amantongomane agcinwa okwesikhashana ekushiseni kwe-15-18 ° C aze aqedwe. Khona-ke zihlelwa zibe zihlume futhi zingahlwanyeli futhi zihlwanye ngokwehlukana.

Uma inani lezinhlamvu liyingcosana, imiphumela emihle ifinyeleleka lapho uhlwanyela ukukhetha. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Stratification kwenziwa kusukela ngo-10 kuya ku-15 Mashi ku-lokushisa ngo-14-18 ° C.

Ukuhluma kwamantongomane kuqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Izithombo ezinamaqabunga amabili zisetshenziselwa ukutshala. I-Dive yenziwa ngamagama amathathu. Ngaphambi kokutshala, isitshalo ngasinye sinqotshwa ekupheleni komsuka we-stem.

Ukuze ukhiqize izithombo bese ukhetha izithombo usebenzisa umhlabathi ovundiwe kahle, uphethwe ku-10 ° C. Ibanga emigqeni lingu-10-15 cm.

Amantongomane amakhulu atshalwe ukujula kwe-10 cm, amancane naphakathi - kuya ku-7-9 cm. Ukudubula ama-saplings aphenduke ngqo, abeka nut emgodini olungiselelwe, eceleni, emaphethelweni.

Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala emhlabathini ovulekile izithombo zikhula kancane kancane. Ukuze ukhule izimpande, kuzothatha iminyaka engaba ngu-3, futhi ukutshala izithombo zomunyu, ezifanele ukutshala engadini, kungathatha 5-7 isilwane.

Ngakho-ke, indlela ephumelelayo kakhulu ukukhula izithombo endaweni yokushisa ifilimu. Kulesi simo, emva konyaka, isivuno se-rootstocks ejwayelekile sifinyelela ku-55-60%, futhi lapho kutshalwa iminyaka emibili, izithombo ezingaba ngu-90% zifanelekile ukutshala engadini endaweni enomphela.

Izithombo zezitshalo ziqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-8-12.

Ukulima izitshalo ze- inoculation yama-walnut

Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza izitshalo ze-walnuts yi-oculization emhlabathini ovulekile. Isikhathi sokuhluma sinqunywa inani lokushisa okuvamile nsuku zonke (kufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-10 ° C). Isikhathi esiphezulu sokuxoshwa kwezinsuku - izinsuku ezingu-12-16, izinga lokusinda kwe-cat-60%.

Ukutshala i-walnut ngale ndlela yokukhiqiza kuyadingeka ukugcina izimfanelo ezinhle zezithelo zomuthi womama.

Njengoba i-walnut inamahlumela amakhulu, lapho yenza i-eyepiece, isihlangu esikhulu se-cortex sithathwa, okuyokwenziwa ngenkathi yokuphulukisa iso kuyonikeza inani elidingekayo lamanzi nezakhi. Izingosi zokugoma ziboshwe ngefilimu ye-polyethylene noma i-polyvinylchloride.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho nasebusika obubandayo kakhulu, cishe amaphesenti angama-90 ezihlahla ezibheka amehlo ezibhubha ngekwindla zifa ngenxa yokungabi nhlobo ngokwanele kwebusika. Ngakho-ke, izithombo ezihlwanyelwe ekwindla, emva kokuwa amaqabunga, zivunwa futhi zilondolozwe kuze kufike entwasahlobo esiteji noma enye isitoreji ekushiseni okungaba ngu-0 ° C.

Entwasahlobo, emva kokufudumala inhlabathi ibe yi-10 ° C, ama-oculants atshalwe ngqo emanzini. Ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala, izingane ezineminyaka eyodwa kuphela zikhula zibe ngu-102-168 cm. Manje zifanele ukutshala engadini.

Ukugonywa ebusika kungenziwa endlini yokushisa. Ukwenza lokhu, ama-rootstocks ahlungwa futhi agcinwe ekushiseni okushisa ngesikhathi sokuwa esiteji noma noma yikuphi ukugcina komhlaba.

Ngendlela efanayo, ama-nutnuts cuttings avuna ekwindla agcinwa. Maphakathi no-Mashi, cishe izinsuku ezingu-15 ngaphambi kwe-inoculation, isitoreji sitshalwe emasakeni e-polyethylene e-cylindric (ububanzi bawo buyi-10-15 cm, ubude obuyi-20-25 cm) obugcwele inhlabathi evundile, futhi idluliselwa esitheni sokushisa lapho izinga lokushisa lingama-24-25 ° C.

Ukusikwa ngezinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba inoculation ibuye igcinwe ku-abamba abamba ukushisa kwe-sawdust ene-steamed neyenamanzi.

Lapho ukukhula kwe-scion kuqala, izitshalo zikhuni, ngaleyo ndlela zizincipha emoyeni obandayo nokushisa. Ngemuva kokuphela kwentwasahlobo yama-frosts atshalwe ngqo ku-nursery.

Ukutshala endaweni enomphela, izithombo zifanelekile emva kweminyaka emibili. Izitshalo ezihlanganisiwe ziqala ukuthela izithelo kakade ngonyaka we-3-4 emva kokutshala.

Isikhala sokhuni

Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukukhula ama-walnuts, udinga ukunquma ukuthi ingakanani isikhala esizokwabiwa esikhathini esizayo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lesi sihlahla sizoveza isivuno esihle kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungase kudingeke ukuba uhlabele izihlahla ezikude. I-nut eneminyaka engu-25-30 ine-diameter yobubanzi buka-8-12 m (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lomuthi nokuzala kwenhlabathi).

Ukutshala nokukhula

Uma unquma ukutshala i-walnut engadini , ukutshala, ukukhula nokwenza izihlahla ezincane kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela elandelayo:

• Khetha indawo enhle kakhulu yokutshala.
• Umgodi ugobile mayelana no-1 m ubujulile.
• Izwe elishiywe ngemuva kokucubungula lixubene ne-humus e-re-baked ngesamba sama-8-10 kg namaminerali asemaminerali akhethekile. Lokhu kwenziwa ukondla okungcono komuthi.
• Imbewu ibekwe ngokujula kwe-15 cm. Kufanele iqinisekiswe ukuthi le fetus ayibekeli eceleni, kodwa nge-seam up. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isihlahla ngeke sithele izithelo isikhathi eside.

Lesi sitshalo kufanele sitshalwe ukuze intamo impande imbozwe phansi hhayi ngaphezu kuka 4-5 cm.

Yeka ukuthi izihlahla ezincane zakha kanjani

Izinhlobo ezintathu zomqhele ziyamukeleka:

• Mahhala,
• Ithuthukisiwe-iphethwe.
• I-Cup-shaped.

Kubalulekile ukubeka uphawu lwamagatsha ezinhlanzi emkhakheni wokuqala, kanti esikhathini esizayo umuthi ungakwazi ukuzakhela ngokuphelele. Ngomuthi ophuthumayo we-crownline emva kokutshala kwezithombo, isiqu somuthi sifushane ku-130-140 cm ubude. Kamuva, amahlumela amancane eduze nesitshalo (ekuphakameni kuka 90-100 cm) kumele aphulwe. Shiya emagatsheni ohlangothini lomqhele we-3 noma 4, okhula ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kanti umqhubi ophakathi (entwasahlobo ezayo, ukwakha umzila wesibili, kufinyelelwe ngu-70-100 cm).

Izihlahla eziqhubekayo zenziwa kuphela ngokususa phakathi komqhele kanye namagatsha awonakele. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa entwasahlobo.

Ukunisela

Ukuhlakulela i-walnut kuhilela ukuchelela izihlahla ezincane ngesikhathi sehlobo sasehlobo, lapho zidinga amanzi amaningi kakhulu. Umuthi ngamunye udinga cishe amabhakede amathathu amanzi ngamakhilomitha angu-1. Imitha yenhlabathi. Nisela umuthi izikhathi ezimbili ngenyanga. Izihlahla ezingaphezu kwamamitha amane ukuphakama ziyanciphisa kancane kancane.

Ukukhiqiza ukufaka umquba

Imithi kufanele ifakwe izikhathi ezimbili ngonyaka - ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. Esikhathini sentwasahlobo, izitshalo ze-nitrogen ziyasungulwa, kanti ekwindla - umanyolo okhethekile we-potash ne-phosphorus. Umuthi omdala udinga u-7-8 kg we- ammonium nitrate, u- 8-9 kg we-superphosphate no-2 kg we-salassium usawoti.

Ukuqoqwa kwezithelo

Sesihlole kakade ukuthi yiziphi izici zesikhumba. Ukukhula nokunakekela izihlahla kwachazwa nathi. Manje ake sikhulume ngokuvuna.

Isikhathi sokuqoqa amantongomane sinqunywa yi-pericarp eluhlaza. Uma beqala ukuphahlazeka, ungaqala ukuqoqa. Emva kokuvuna kuvuna, kunconywa ukuthi izithelo zigcinwe isonto elingaphansi. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzoba lula ukuwahlanza kusuka ku-pericarp emnyama futhi epholile.

Ukugwema ukuthola izandla zakho ezingcolile ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, udinga ukugqoka amagilavu we-rubber. Izithelo ziqukethe ama-iodine amaningi, ngakho izandla zizophenduka zibe mnyama. Ngemuva kokuhlanza, amantongomane kufanele ahlanzwe ngamanzi futhi asomiswe elangeni.