Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada Spanish: endaweni, usuku, igagasi lempi

Armada has lwemikhumbi amakhulu empi, elisungulwe Spain. Lalinama imikhumbi ngu-130. I weqembu lemikhumbi siqanjwe ngo 1586-1588 GG. Ake sicabangele eminye lokho nyaka kwenzeka Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada yaseSpain. Mayelana nalesi kamuva esihlokweni.

umgomo

Ngaphambi sikhuluma kungani futhi lapho kwaba ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada iSpanishi, kufanele uchaze isimo ezenzeka ngaleso sikhathi. Sekungamashumi eminyaka privateers IsiZulu Ngishoné futhi bephanga imikhumbi yaseSpain. Lokhu kwaletha lizwe ukulahlekelwa omkhulu. Ngakho, ngo-1582 i-Spain lokuqala enenkinga ukulahlekelwa kuka $ 1.9 izigidi ezingu ducats. Esinye isizathu esenza kwanqunywa ukwakha imikhumbi, okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo ukusekelwa wokuvukela Dutch U-Elizabeth I - Queen of England. UPhilip II - nkosi yaseSpain - kubhekwe kuyisibopho sami ukusiza amaKatolika angamaNgisi, abalwé amaProthestani. Kule ndaba, imikhumbi weqembu lemikhumbi, abangu-cishe 180 abefundisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi ukunxenxa ngamunye amatilosi amasosha kufanele ngempela ukuba sivume icala futhi wenhlanganyelo. Ukuze ingxenye yabo, lezi zihlubuki wayethemba ukuthi uwine British. Babecabanga ukuthi bangakwenza akukwazanga ukwephula ayitholwa Spanish ku ukuhweba nge-Nguqulo Yezwe Elisha, kanye ukusakaza e-Europe, imibono amaProthestani. Ngakho, zombili kuye kwadingeka isithakazelo sabo kulo mcimbi.

umkhankaso uhlelo

INkosi Spain wayala ukuba imikhumbi asondele kuyi-English Channel. Lapho, yokuhlanganisa enempi 30 eyinkulungwane WaseParma. Amabutho yayiseKhesariya Flanders. amabutho ahlangene bona kwadingeka adlule e-English Channel kuya esiFundeni Essex. Ngemva kwalokho kwakufanele ukumasha London. Spanish King wayenethemba lokuthi namaKatolika ashiya Elizabeth kanye naye. Nokho, leli cebo awuzange ngokugcwele ayicabangile. Kuyo, ikakhulukazi, engakaze kubhekwe emanzini angajulile, okuyinto akazange avumele umkhumbi wawusondela ogwini, ukuthatha ebhodini ibutho iNkosana. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abaseSpain akazange acabangele amandla ngoxhaxha British. Futhi-ke, Philip akakwazanga ngisho zisikisela ukuthi Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada Spanish kwenzeke.

umyalo

Armada waqokwa inhloko Alvaro De Bazan. He kubhekwa engcono Umkhuzi Spanish. He is Initiator futhi umhleli we weqembu lemikhumbi. Njengoba kushiwo ababephila ngesikhathi kamuva, uma wahola imikhumbi, kwakungeke ziye zabhekana Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada yaseSpain. Nokho, ngonyaka 1588 th, waba sokugcina ukuphila Admiral. Ushonele 63 th ngonyaka, ngaphambi ngoxhaxha olwandle. Kunalokho, wamiswa Alonso Perez de Guzman. Wayengekhona Itilosi babhekana nazo, kodwa ine amakhono amangalisayo yenhlangano. Bavumela kuye ngokushesha yokuthola ulimi olulodwa nezinduna abanolwazi. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo ngokuhlanganyela a lasolwandle enamandla yadalwa, okwakubekelwa ifakwe amalungiselelo futhi ifakwe konke okudingekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umyalo kohlelo athuthukile signal, ama-oda ukuze lwempi, evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke amabutho sezizwe ezihlukahlukene.

Izici kwenhlangano

Njengengxenye ye-Armada yaba ngu-130 imikhumbi, ayizinkulungwane 30,5. Abantu, 2430 izibhamu. Amandla main lahlukaniswa laba squadrons eziyisithupha:

1. "Castilla".
2. "I-Portugal".
3. "Biscay".
4. "Gipuzkoa".
5. "Andalusia".
6. "Levant".

I-Armada yaba nazo ezifakwe ezine galleass Neapolitan futhi inani elifanayo emikhunjini isiPutukezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengengxenye weqembu lemikhumbi kwaba inqwaba ukuhlola imikhumbi amasevisi isithunywa nezimpahla ezidingekayo. Ukudla supply zihlanganisa izigidi amabhisikidi, izinkulungwane 400. Amakhilogremu elayisi, izinkulungwane 600. Amakhilogremu yenkomo corned nenhlanzi usawoti, ayizinkulungwane 40. Amalitha kawoyela, ayizinkulungwane 14. Barrel ngewayini, 6 th. Bean izikhwama, izinkulungwane 300. Amakhilogremu ushizi. Kusukela izinhlamvu imikhumbi samanje abayizinkulungwane 124. Izikhwebu 500 ayizinkulungwane. Propellant kwenkokhelo.

Qala umkhankaso

Kusukela ethekwini laseLisbon i weqembu lemikhumbi wafika ngo-May 29, ngonyaka 1588. Nokho, endleleni wokheleka isiphepho neyenza shumbi La Coruna - port enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSpain. Lapho, amatilosi kwadingeka ukuba afeze zokulungisa imikhumbi futhi ubuyise amasheya ukudla. Umkhuzi weqembu lemikhumbi kwaba ukuntula ukhathazekile izifo umphako amatilosi yabo. Kule ndaba, waziveza obala ukuthi wabhala ukuze uFiliphu, ukungabaza impumelelo emkhankasweni. Nokho, le nkosi waphikelela ngokuthi Admiral ukulandela inkambo kusengaphambili futhi abaphambuki plan. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili yokupaka e ethekwini laseLisbon, ama-weqembu lemikhumbi ufinyelelwe i-English Channel.

umhlangano Kukhanseliwe nge WaseParma

Weqembu lemikhumbi Admiral Philip balandela ngokucacile oda futhi wathumela imikhumbi ogwini ukuthatha kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Ilinde impendulo ephuma iNkosana Commander Armada ngaphambilini ukuze aqinise eduze Calais. Lesi simo kwaba sengozini kakhulu, lokho wawususeduze British. Ngabo lobo busuku izingane bathumela imikhumbi-Spanish ngomlilo imikhumbi 8 iziqhumane kanye izinto ezingase zibambe umlilo. izinduna Iningi waqala ukunqinda izindophi futhi wazama ngokuxhamazela ukubaleka. Kamuva umoya onamandla kanye zamanje enamandla eyenziwa abaseSpain enyakatho. Buyela emuva WaseParma, kepha bahluleka. Ngakusasa kwaba khona impi ewumnqamula-juqu.

Indawo nosuku Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada Spanish

I weqembu lemikhumbi egqilazwe ezikwazi ukukhanya imikhumbi Anglo-Dutch. Basuke elaliholwa Charles Howard. Ngo-English Channel, kwakukhona izimpikiswano eziningana aba, okwaphela impi Gravelinskoe. Ngakho, lokho nyaka kube Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada Spanish? I weqembu lemikhumbi yaba ngeyesikhashana. Ubethula eyamhlula ngonyaka ofanayo, elaqala emkhankasweni - 1588. Izimpi olwandle sathatha amasonto amabili. imikhumbi-Spanish ayikwazanga bawahlanganise. Ukungqubuzana imikhumbi isitha babe ezimweni esibucayi kakhulu. nobunzima Omkhulu ukudala umoya kushintsha njalo. izibhelu Okukhulu kwenzeka ngo-Portland Bill, iphoyinti lokuqala, Isle of Wight. Phakathi nempi abaseSpain elahlekile imikhumbi engaba ngu-7. Ukunqotshwa yokugcina ye-Armada Spanish kwenzeke Calais. Njengoba beshiya ayehlasela okwengeziwe okwasiza Admiral imikhumbi enyakatho, ngokusebenzisa i-Atlantic coast Western Ireland. Ngesikhathi isitha efanayo imikhumbi amlandela ibangana kude, ukuhamba kanye ogwini olusempumalanga yeNgilandi.

Buyela Spain

Kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngemva izimpi, nangemikhumbi eminingi abangu zonakala futhi ngokulambisa igcinwe ingaziki. Eduze enyakatho-ntshonalanga ngasogwini lwase-Ireland imikhumbi hit isiphepho wemaviki lamabili. Imikhumbi eminingi ngesikhathi iphahlazeka ngokumelene emadwaleni noma ayikho. Ekugcineni, ngo-September 23 kwesivivinyo lokuqala ngemva Ukuzula eside ifinyelele enyakatho Spain. Emuva ekhaya kwaba imikhumbi engama-60 kuphela, futhi. Izisulu abangu eqanjekisiwe 1/3 kuya 3/4 of the number of nabasebenza. Inani elikhulu labantu wabulawa emanceba abo kanye nezifo, abaningi baminza. Ngisho nalabo wakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya, cishe babulawa indlala, ngoba zonke amasheya ukudla kwase isiyaphela. Omunye imikhumbi wacwila e Laredo, ngoba amatilosi asinamandla okuya ngisho wehlise oseyili ukuze aqinise.

Inani

ukulahlekelwa elikhulu waletha Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada yaseSpain. Usuku ngesikhathi kwenzeka lesi sehlakalo, kuze kube sekugcineni emlandweni wezwe njengoba omunye ebanga usizi kunazo zonke. Nokho, ukunqotshwa ayimlethelanga i iconsi ngokushesha amandla Spanish olwandle. engu-90 ngekhulu le-16 sisonke zinezikhathi ngempela umkhankaso ophumelele. Ngakho, ukuzama British ukuba bahlasele Armada Spanish phezu kwamanzi esehlulwe kwasani. Le mpi kwenzeka ngo-1589-m. iminyaka engu-2 kamuva imikhumbi-Spanish wahlasela British e-Atlantic Ocean e izimpi eziningana. Nokho, bonke zalokhu kunqoba, asikwazanga isinxephezelo ngokulahlekelwa alethwe lonke izwe Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada yaseSpain. Spain wafunda isifundo esibaluleke kakhulu thina kusukela kulo mkhankaso akuphumelelanga. Ngemva kwalokho, izwe lama izitsha kunemibhalo eyayihunyushwe kabi futhi elisindayo esivuna imikhumbi ukuxegiselwa ifakwe yesikhathi eside izikhali.

isiphetho

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Armada Spanish (1588) bangcwabe wonke amathemba ukubuyiselwa YobuKatolika England. Ukuzibandakanya izwe e elithile noma ngenye indlela emisebenzini inqubomgomo angaphandle Spain BakaJehova bangayisebenzisa izobhekwa nayo. Empeleni, lokhu kwakusho ukuthi isikhundla kaFiliphu eNetherlands ngeke ukuwohloka ngqo. Njengoba-England, bese i-ukunqotshwa kwalo imikhumbi yempi yaseSpain yayisiphelelwa isinyathelo sokuqala ukuba sithole ukubusa phezu kolwandle. Ukuze amaProthestani, lesi senzakalo saphawula ekupheleni ukunwetshwa Empire Habsburg kanye nokusakazwa okwandile sobuKatolika. Emehlweni abo, kwaba ukubonakaliswa intando kaNkulunkulu. Abantu abaningi ababephila ngaleso sikhathi zamaProthestani. Europe, wayekholelwa ukuthi ukungenela wasezulwini kuphela ukuba zibhekane nalesi weqembu lemikhumbi, okuyinto, njengoba lokhu ngomunye wabantu ayephila wathi, umoya wawuphambene njalo elukhuni ukuthwalwa, nolwandle is ibubula ngaphansi isisindo sayo.