Ukucabanga okusha zezombusazwe - lena ifilosofi inqubomgomo angaphandle of the Union ngesikhathi yokwakha kabusha. Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-amathathu sele idlulile solo izwe elikhulu wase-USSR Gorbachev led. mqondo yakhe eyinhloko "ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe" - lena manje anachronism, engaqondakali ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha. Kodwa le nkulumo ibizwa ziqondakala labantu Union omuhle kakhulu. Abantu babezimisele sokushintsha, befaka isicelo sokuphikisa isinqumo M. S. Gorbachov, ke eqhathanisa kahle nalo lonke iqembu party. Futhi kulokho okwakufika ukuphuma kuso, ubona ngamehlo ayo empilweni yangempela.

prehistory

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani nomqondo ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe iye kahle wathola abantu, kufanele uhlole esimweni samanje zezombusazwe kuleli qophelo. Kafushane ke kungenziwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela:

• Izwe lihlukaniswe izingxenye.
• Ukuthuthukiswa Its kusekelwe ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kokukhulekela izinhlelo ezimbili: i-capitalism kanye sezenhlalo.
• Abantu emhlabeni abathi izinhlelo ezahlukene amagugu, okuyinto engekho ngokwemvelo.
• Kodwa isikhala yethu ivame ukuba hlanganani, ngokuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.

Ngaphakathi kuleli zwe, abantu baye bazibonela ezinye elite Ukunganeliseki kubangelwa lokwabiwa kabusha badlale imithombo. Uhulumeni waseSoviet waphoqeleka ukuba bachithe imali eningi ku ukuzivikela kazwelonke, ukusekela umbimbi okunemibandela alimaze imboni igxile emakethe umthengi. Population ngomona yambheka izinga izimpahla emazweni aseNtshonalanga kanye nobungako. Abaholi wamaSoviet wawungakwazi ukuthikameza noma engafuni izakhamuzi zawo ukuhlela eziningi kangaka.

Entsha ukucabanga zezombusazwe - ushintsho

Iphuzu laliwukuthi kanje. Kuze phakathi nekhulu le-Athazeksesi, isintu iye yasungula ezindaweni nohlaka. Ngasinye sasinobuso yayo imibono yabantu, amagugu kanye nezinto zethu ezibonakalayo. Kodwa impucuko ungeme endaweni eyodwa, kuba ashukumisayo. Ngoba soshintsho global. M. S. Gorbachov ezihlongozwayo umqondo lesembili amagugu obuntu phezu kwabanye, okungukuthi, ekilasini, isimo, kazwelonke, kanye nabanye. Zonke lwesintu - ephilayo olulodwa, kungani izabelo? Sikhishwe yokuthi ukugqugquzelwa kwamagugu Western ngaleso sikhathi esesidlangalaleni yimpumelelo Soviet wamukela ngentshiseko unobhala logic jikelele. Abantu babekholelwa ukuthi ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe - lena kuvulwa imingcele, inkululeko ikhambo, ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nemikhiqizo ukuthi abantu izosebenzisa ngaphandle kwemingcele. Abaningi badlulisela icala Umqondo wokuba nenkululeko yokukhuluma, waqonda ngomqondo wokuthi sizokwazi ukukhuluma nganoma iyiphi indlela. Iqiniso lokuthi e-Soviet Union kutshalwa amile, nemibono yayo esiphelelwe isikhathi, okuyinto kwakuyingozi ukugxeka. Abantu babefuna ukusebenzisa ubudlova ukuze umphakathi enye idivayisi, engacabanganga, kuthatha Manpower ethu nezimali zethu ukuze kabusha.

izimiso eziyisisekelo

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umcabango we ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe is waphula ngokuphelele izisekelo oda emhlabeni njengoba ngenhla. Uhlelo kungenzeka babe ngempela kwamaciko, ungakuvumeli ukuba ukuthuthukiswa lesintu. Lokhu manje phikisana ososayensi nabezombusazwe. Thina kuphela sisho izimiso eziyisisekelo imibono emisha zazimi kanje:

• emhlabeni kufanele siqaphele obumbene futhi kuncikene, Zishiya division kwaba amakamu amabili;
• indlela jikelele yokulungisa izinkinga international wavuma kokusele izithakazelo (kunokuba amandla, njengase kuqaleni);
• Sidinga ukulahla isimiso nemave yesigaba sabasebenzi, esikhundleni sako ulethe kuqala amagugu obuntu jikelele.

Njengoba ubona, ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe - kuba a revolution ngokuphelele umbono izwe, hhayi kuphela abameleli uhlelo sezenhlalo, kodwa futhi zama-Capitalist. amazwe Camp, eholwa eSoviet Union, wavula izimbangi efanayo. Ezingeni labaphathi kususa yonke imikhawulo, washintsha ngokuphelele imigomo yokusebenza namanye amazwe kanye imiphakathi. Kalula nje, izuze ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe wehla yokuthi manje izwe akukhona kwamaqembu alwayo. Wonke amazwe kudingeka ukwakha ubudlelwano esekelwe ukulingana izithakazelo.

kabusha kafushane

Gorbachev ngazimemezela umqondo wabheka ekhangayo futhi emuhle. Encwadini yakhe ngale ndaba, wathembisa ukuthi ngo-migomo enzulu ka uhulumeni wamaSoviet hhayi wawuyosisiza phansi isimo. Zonke izimiso zomphakathi uyosindiswa. Kodwa ukuze izwe ongancintisana omakhelwane emhlabeni udinga sina ukushintsha umnotho. Yokwakha kabusha (kafushane) kwakuwukuthi kubalulekile nkambiso. Ukuze wenze lokhu:

• ukwakha uhlaka lomthetho ezahlukene;
• ukwethula iqembu elisha ukuphathwa, abasha, ochwepheshe lesichubekako;
• kabusha uhlelo lokulawula ukukhiqiza.

Okungukuthi, umnotho kuhlelwe kufanele ushintshe emakethe. Futhi kwakusho ukuthi ukuhweba futhi kwezomnotho ubudlelwane phakathi kweSoviet Union awuseyiwo izinto eziza kuqala. Ngaphambili, ngenxa ikakhulukazi eyakhiwe amazwe sezenhlalo. Manje, zonke abalingani kwathiwa alinganayo. Ubudlelwano ngamunye ezilungisiwe kuphela izithakazelo mutual.

Ushintsho nemibono

Ngokuqinisekile umfundi uyazi ukuthi e-USSR kwakukhona uhlelo olucacile futhi esiqinile phakathi kwezinto eziza zomlando ngemibono. Uhlelo labantu wakhulela ku izimiso inguquko, ubulungiswa emphakathini, umqondo ingxabano uhlelo zama-Capitalist. Yayakhiwe theory zomlando, okuyinto alengayo ngokuhunyushwa factology ukufihla izigcawu engafuneki esidlule isimo. Ukucabanga okusha zezombusazwe Gorbachev yakhulula izwe ekugqilazweni original. Lokhu kuye kwaholela rethinking yesikhathi esidlule. Ukukhanya waqala ukudonsa futhi ngenye busuka ukwazi mass phambi uyazifihla namaqiniso angokomlando. izibalo ezombusazwe nezamasiko avuselelwa, kwakukhona ukudluliswa entsha, ososayensi zezombusazwe, izintatheli. Izwe ojwayele umphakathi. Mayelana Gorbachev yakhe abaningi wathi, egcizelela ukuthi kwakungekho lutho ngaphezulu ukufihla, singazi uhlose. Nokho, abaholi kwezepolitiki kungukuthi zonke osekelwa indlela yokuthuthuka.

ukuhlukaniswa

Ngo-1987, Plenum leKomiti Central we CPSU ngokumelene Gorbachev, Yeltsin wenza. Khona-ke wakhonza njengombonisi uNobhala Yedolobha YaseMoscow Party Committee. Ingqikithi inkulumo yakhe cishe olungaziwa muntu. Party comrades walahla ukuziphatha kwakhe akukhona sivamile ukuthi ububanzi isikhathi izikhundla sintula. Nokho, njengoba isikhathi lubonise Yeltsin wangihlaba kude-sekuqhamuke sezombusazwe. Eqaphela ukuthi izwe uzobhekana uthuthumele sina, lezihlubuki, njengoba manje abakushoyo. Umqondo we-ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe ngaleso sikhathi sahlukana phakathi kwaba olukhulu (Yeltsin) kanye olandelanayo (Ligachev). Lezi amakamu amabili isandla balwa bodwa ngethonya phezu kwabo. Kuleli zinga, leli zwe langena enkathini yeningi. A isimiso sezombangazwe esekelwe hegemony ka yinhlangano eyodwa, ephukile futhi kabusha. Kukhona ukunyakaza entsha kwezenhlalo. Kodwa ongakabi beligcwele uhlelo multi-party. Kusukela kobuholi CPSU ishiywe ngokusemthethweni. Amandla adluliselwe kohulumeni basekhaya. Ngo-USSR Armed Forces ahlinzekwa ukuphakamisa ukhetho izinyunyana, izinhlangano zemiphakathi yabantu, i-Komsomol. Lokho, indlela umphakathi owakheke ngayo kancane kancane eyaholela a nezimo ngaphezulu uhlelo multi-party.

Izinguquko ku inqubomgomo angaphandle

Kabusha izwe ezinyakaziswayo ngempela sina isimo sengqondo kuso emhlabeni wonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-"isintu ophucukile" wamukela kilelihlelo. Inqubomgomo entsha abalingani ukucabanga zezombusazwe waqonda njengoba ekupheleni ingcindezi eU.SSR umbimbi. Ngemva ebesingandile ukuxoxisana eMoscow noma yisiphi isinqumo ucishe ezibalulekile. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, wakhuluma ngokunqoba intando yeningi, ucabangela eU.SSR isimo wobushiqela futhi emuva. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuxegiswa umnotho wezwe lakithi uvumele corporations global ukusebenzisa izinsiza ngaphambilini ayitholakali kuwo. ubuholi wezwe ukuthi kungaphazamisi. Gorbachev zazikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi kungaba ngcono umphakathi. Ingabe olutheni corporation angene ezweni kanye ukwakha ibhizinisi - wayethi emihlanganweni futhi congresses. Ngokushesha kabusha inqubomgomo angaphandle. Ukucabanga okusha zezombusazwe Gorbachev wathinta lizwe lokuqala sezenhlalo. Babecabanga ukuthi isandla ezibiyele sika buthaka futhi ifinyelele West.

Ukuthandwa M. S. Gorbacheva

Kuyadingeka ukuba ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana sezizathu zokuphumelela lokhu umholi. Wabonisa abantu ngaphambili intando yeningi ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Ngihamba ezitaladini, ngifuna ezitolo, ukukhuluma nabantu abavamile. Ngaphambili, onobhala jikelele bekungenjalo ngokwabo. Kwakumelwe abanye abakhileyo ezulwini, ngokubona okwenziwa abantu abavamile. Gorbachev akubhekwa okuyihlazo noma eyihlazo ukushayela ezweni lonke ukuchazela abantu okushiwo ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe. Lokhu ukuzikhohlisa ebathenga lonke kubantu. Kawaqedisisanga ukuthi kungaholela enhlekeleleni enkulu. Kodwa noma cha Sixwayisa labo Sekuyisikhathi eside owayehlala "izimo abamba ukushisa". Ngo-USSR, isimo wanakekela abantu ukuba indawo yokuhlala nokudla. Ake hhayi enhle kangaka njengoba eNtshonalanga, kodwa ngobuningi zonke.

"Eyikhulu izinhlobonhlobo isoseji"

Akunakwenzeka ukukhuluma mayelana kabusha futhi akusho ukhumbule lokhu mqondo ethandwa. Wayengumuntu olukhuni ukuze khumbula namuhla nazo engxoxweni lesi sihloko. Iqiniso lokuthi eSoviet Union Kwakunzima kakhulu ngokudla. Ukuthenga inyama, kwadingeka alinde isikhathi eside kulayini. Futhi Gorbachev wathembisa ukuthi ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa isimo. esitolo ngasinye kuyoba "eziyikhulu izinhlobonhlobo ayi." Phela, wayeqinisile. Namuhla ezinkulu konke inhliziyo yakho ufisa. Kuphela uma abantu babe kujabulise kakhulu? Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu wavumelana kabusha, uma beqaphela, kuyodingeka ukuba ngedlule kulokho.

A ukucabanga entsha

Esabeka kunazo zonke (ukuze uthole enye i ukubuka okuqhubekayo) umphumela izinguquko kwaba ukuwa Union. Nanhlanu republic ithola uzibuse. Mayelana kanjani futhi kungani ezinjalo kungenzeka, osopolitiki ukuwela izinkemba kuze kube manje. Abanye okuthiwa Gorbachev umkhapheli, abanye bathi wayeqinisile amaphesenti engamakhulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi bunyenti zezombusazwe. Akekho umuntu okwazi enqabela ukucabanga kanye ukusakaza. Abantu ithole inkululeko yokukhuluma ngempela, ngenkathi ngokulahlekelwa, inamandla amakhulu enamandla.

Imiphumela ngamazwe

Kumephu jikelele, isimo esisha futhi ezidonsela, ngeshwa. Kuze kube manje, West collective eqiniseka ukuthi uzowanqoba iSoviet Union ngo-iMpi Yomshoshaphansi udweshu phakathi imibono. ukucabanga okusha kuye kwaholela yokuthi umhlaba wonke (kubandakanya North Korea) isibe zama-Capitalist. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabutho aseSoviet wona ahoxiswa babo abavela eMpumalanga Yurophu. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokucabanga. Izigidi izakhamuzi usala ngaphandle engenayo kanye namathuba emisebenzi. Ukuze-Europe, omunye imiphumela main kwaba asize ngokuhlanganisa Germany, lapho ubuholi Union bavumelana ngaphandle zonke izinhlobo izimo. Inqubomgomo entsha bazitshela ukuthi ukuxabana akuyona nomuntu, umhlaba wonke ingenye. Isigaba isikhala zombusazwe iplanethi kuye kwaholela iqiniso lokuthi West collective unezinkolelo amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, waqala ukuwohloka kwabo. I hit lokuqala eYugoslavia, njengoba ehlushwa NATO ubudlova.

isiphetho

On imiphumela kabusha ebhaliwe kakhulu. Nokho, ukulinganisa neziyinkimbinkimbi akunakwenzeka okwamanje. Ngenxa ukubhujiswa omunye ohlelweni bese zezombusazwe izigxobo planethi on the esengozini ukufa. Uhlelo i-capitalism, ngokuwina le ngxabano global, kwaba untenable. Inkinga yokungabi 2008 is ngokusobala wawubonisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo asikwazi ukwamukela izinguquko ezinhle eziye zenzeka. Izwe embulungeni yonke, kuba omunye. Futhi manje wonke umuntu ekhululekile ukuba ukhethe indlela nalapho ukuphila. Kodwa ngaphambi kwesintu umbuzo obaluleke kunayo, ngendlela okumelwe uhambe ngayo esilandelayo. Iseshini weJubili ka-UN General Assembly iyibonakalisa izigwili zombusazwe kanye nomphakathi, ukuthi izinkinga esibhekene enifana ngazo. Futhi kufanele ukuxazulula ndawonye, nakuba kukhona amabutho ukuthi asifuni ukuba liveze ubuholi bakudala. Basuke sibambe imiphumela kabusha, senzile asemrarweni (njengoba ecashunwe V. Putina). Nalokhu futhi, inani ukucabanga elisha lezombusazwe M. S. Gorbacheva. Futhi okwamanje wokugcina.