Tritium - kuyini? tritium isisindo

Muva nje, abantu bekholelwa ukuthi i-athomu - nezinhlayiya indivisible lonke. Kamuva kwacaca ukuthi liqukethe nucleus futhi electron ezungeza. Kulokhu, central okuyingxenye futhi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi indivisible futhi lonke. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi yakhiwa proton kanye neutrons. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye ngenani wale mithandazo, ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi athi unesimo esifana kungase kudingeke isotopes eziningana. Ngakho, tritium - kuyini? Kuyini ngokuba imfuyo, ukuthi angaluthola kanjani futhi ulisebenzise?

Tritium - kuyini?

Hydrogen - ndaba elula ngokwemvelo. Uma sikhuluma injalo ezivamile, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo ngaphezulu uzobe wathi ngezansi, athomu alo siqukethe eyodwa i-proton ne eyodwa electron. Nokho, kungase izinhlayiya "extra", iziphi kancane ukushintsha impahla yayo. Ngakho, i-nucleus tritium siqukethe i-proton ne neutrons ezimbili. Futhi uma ingqondo okungukuthi ngendlela elula hydrogen - kuyinto element luningi kunawo wonke endaweni yonke, okuthile 'ngcono "inguqulo yakhe alisho - emvelweni, kutholakala izinto eziningi ezincane.

Hydrogen IKhompyuthaYami tritium (igama livela lesiGreki elithi "ngxenye yesithathu") lavulwa ngo-1934 ngu-Rutherford, Oliphant Harteck. Futhi eqinisweni, sazama ukuthola kuye eside kakhulu futhi kanzima. Ngokushesha ngemva kokutholakala deuterium namanzi esindayo ngo-1932, ososayensi baqala ukuba sibheke lokhu IKhompyuthaYami kuyinto ngokwandisa ukuzwela sokuhlaziya Spectral kulolu cwaningo hydrogen abavamile. Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke, abo imizamo yayiyize - ngisho kakhulu kanzulu amasampula Yehlulekile ukuthola ngisho inhlansana yokuthambekela khona into esiye umane bebophekile ukuba iyaqhubeka. Kodwa ekugcineni Kusaqhubeka ukuthungathwa akuphumelelanga - Oliphant kwemiqondo isici ngosizo esindayo amanzi e Rutherford laboratory.

Kafushane, tritium definition simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: a IKhompyuthaYami enemisebe e-hydrogen, ogama nucleus siqukethe i-proton ne neutrons ezimbili. Ngakho, yini esiyaziyo ngaye?

On hydrogen isotopes

Isici sokuqala ishadi lesikhathi ngaso leso sikhathi le nkinga ivame kakhulu yonke. Ngo isimo kwenzeka ngesimo omunye isotopes zayo ezintathu: protium, deuterium noma tritium. nengaphakathi lokuqala yakhiwa proton eyodwa, okwakunginika ke igama layo. By the way, lena kuphela isici esimile ayinakho neutrons. Ngakusasa ochungechungeni hydrogen IKhompyuthaYami kuyinto deuterium. Umnyombo athomu yayo siqukethe i-proton ne-neutron, futhi igama sivela Igama lesiGreki "yesibili."

nazo okulungiselelwe endaweni yokucwaninga ejokeni, aliqinise nakakhulu hydrogen isotopes nge mass izinombolo kusuka 4 kuya ku-7 Inkathi isigamu-iyizingxenye imizuzwana elinganiselwe.

izakhiwo

Nuclear tritium isisindo imayelana 3,02 a. e. m. Izakhiwo yalolu ketshezi kuyinto azihlukile kakhulu hydrogen ezivamile, isb ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile is a igesi ukukhanya ngaphandle umbala, ukunambitheka kanye nephunga, has a conductivity eliphezulu ezishisayo. Ngezinye lokushisa mayelana -250 centigrade kuba lula futhi uketshezi ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Ububanzi ngaphakathi kuyo itholakala isimo wokuhlanganisa kuyinto ngempela emincane. Amazinga ukuncibilika imayelana 259 degrees Celsius, ngezansi lapho hydrogen kuba mass snegopodobnoy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sici okungukuthi ngempela oncibilikayo ezithile izinsimbi.

Nokho, zikhona ezinye umehluko izakhiwo. Okokuqala, IKhompyuthaYami sesithathu reactivity aphansi, kanti okwesibili, tritium kuyinto enemisebe ngakhoke engazinzile. Ingxenye-ukuphila nje engaphezu kwengu-12. Ngo inqubo radiolysis uba usizo ngokwengqikithi wesithathu helium ne ekushayweni i-electron kanye antineutrino.

reception

Ngokwemvelo, the tritium equkethwe ngesilinganiso esincane futhi ngokuvamile kwakheka emkhathini lapho izinhlayiyana cosmic nqwamana futhi, isibonelo, ama-athomu nitrogen. Nokho, kukhona indlela yezimboni esikhiqiza lesi sici kakhulu ngokuzishisa ngemisebe ye-lithium-6 neutrons e Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi.

Synthesis tritium emqulwini, okuyinto ukala mayelana 1 kilogram, abiza cishe u- $ 30 million.

ukusetshenziswa

Ngakho, safunda okuningi kancane tritium - ukuthi kuyini nokuthi izakhiwo zalo. Kodwa kungani sasidingeka? Ake sihlole ngezansi. Ngokokunye ukulinganisela odingekayo emhlabeni kwezohwebo ukuze tritium imayelana 500 amagremu ngonyaka, futhi mayelana 7 kg esichithwa izidingo ezempi.

Ngokwe-American Research Institute Energy Environment Kusukela ngo-1955 kuya ku-1996 e-US lalenziwe 2.2 quintals hydrogen superheavy. Futhi ngo-2003 kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela ingqikithi element imayelana 18 amakhilogramu. Ukuze lokho ziberegiselwa?

Okokuqala, tritium kuyadingeka ukuze silondoloze ukulwa amakhono kwezikhali zenuzi, okuyinto, njengoba sazi, namanje ifa kwamanye amazwe. Okwesibili, ngaphandle-ke abakwazi ukwenza Fusion amandla. Enye tritium esetshenziswa kwezinye yesayensi izifundo, isibonelo, yokuma komhlaba nalo izinsuku emuva zemvelo amanzi. Enye injongo - amandla umthombo backlight amahora. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwamanje bazama ekudaleni radioisotope ugesi amandla ultra-ongaphakeme, isibonelo, izinzwa ngoba ezizimele ugesi. Kulindeleke ukuthi kulokhu ukuphila inkonzo azungeze 20 eminyakeni. Izindleko generator okunjalo kuyoba angaba inkulungwane zamadola.

Njengoba eziyisikhumbuzo yokuqala, kukhona amaketanga ukhiye nge inani elincane tritium ngaphakathi. Zikhiphela ukukhazimula futhi zibukeka ngendlela evamile, ikakhulukazi uma wazi mayelana nokuqukethwe yangaphakathi.

ingozi

Tritium kuyinto radioactive, uchaza ingxenye impahla yayo futhi ukusetshenziswa. Its isigamu-ukuphila imayelana 12, kanjalo zakha isimiso antineutrinos helium-3 futhi electron ekushayweni. Ngalesi ukuphendula ukhiqiza 18,59 kW amandla beta izinhlayiya futhi basakazwa emoyeni. Man emgwaqweni kungase kuzwakale kuyindida ukuthi IKhompyuthaYami ezinemisebe kusetshenziswa, isibonelo, ukugqamisa amahora, ngoba kungaba yingozi, akunjalo? Eqinisweni tritium neze noma yini esongela impilo yabantu, ngoba izinhlayiya beta zabiwa-6 kwangu enqubeni zokuwohloka futhi ayikwazi ukunqoba izithiyo lenyama. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukusebenza nabo iphephile ngokuphelele - yimuphi emnyango ukudla, umoya, noma ukumuncwa ngesikhumba kungaholela ezinkingeni. Nakuba iningi izimo okungukuthi kalula futhi ngokushesha excreted, lokhu okungukuthi akuhlali. Ngakho, tritium - lokho kwenziwe ngokulandela le ngozi ngemisebe?

Izinto zokuvikela

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ongaphakeme amandla ukubola tritium ayikuvumeli emisebeni ukusakaza sina, izinhlayiya beta ngakho ayikwazi ukunqoba ngisho isikhumba, akufanele ukungayinaki impilo yakho. Lapho asebenta nalelicembu IKhompyuthaYami ungakwazi Yiqiniso, akasebenzisi Ukuvikelwa ngemisebe amasudi, kodwa imithetho eyisisekelo, njengezingubo zokugqoka avaliwe futhi amagilavu kuhlinzwa, kumele bathobele. Njengoba ingozi eyinhloko tritium iwukuba kokungenisa, kubalulekile ukuba ayeke umsebenzi lapho kuba kunokwenzeka. Kukho konke, akukho okumele ukhathazeke ngakho.

Nokho, uma kuwukuthi inani elikhulu libhaliswe izicubu emzimbeni, angagcina oyingozi noma ezingamahlalakhona emisebeni ukugula kuncike isikhathi, umthamo kanye nokuvama ukuchayeka. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu isifo iphathwa ngempumelelo, kodwa izilonda olunzulu kungaholela ekufeni.

Kunoma umzimba evamile has iminonjana tritium, yize azilutho ngokuphelele futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba nomthelela isizinda ngemisebe. Kodwa phakathi abalandeli iwashi nge elikhanyayo izandla phezulu yayo ezingeni ambalwa izikhathi, nakuba namanje lubhekwe.

amanzi super-esindayo

Tritium njengoba hydrogen evamile ungakheka izinto ezintsha. Ikakhulukazi, lingena engqamuzaneni okuthiwa super-esindayo (wesibhakela) amanzi. I izakhiwo yalolu ketshezi azihlukile kakhulu kusukela ijwayelekile wonke umuntu ka H ₂ O. Ngaleso amanzi tritiated Ungase futhi iqhaza umzimba, has a ubuthi kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi uboniswa izinsuku eziyishumi, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izicubu ungathola degree kuhle eliphezulu ukuchayeka. Nakuba yalolu ketshezi kuyingozi kancane ngokwako, kuyingozi kakhulu ngokuqondene yinkathi kukhona emzimbeni.