State Bank. Amabhange ne isimo iqhaza

amabhange kahulumeni isiRashiya umlando ezithakazelisayo futhi imininingwane yomsebenzi ezweni lethu. Ake ubone ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi amandla ingxenye futhi komkhakha wamabhange.

Central Bank kanye State Bank: imiqondo isilinganiso

Esikhathini kwabezindaba abadume kakhulu, imigomo "Central Bank" futhi "State Bank" ngezinye izikhathi siyachazwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akukho phutha ethize: "CB" - State Bank, uhulumeni ngokuphelele ephethwe. Ngakolunye, kukhona incazelo ezahlukene amagama ajwayelekile "ibhange lombuso" - kuyinto commercial abolekise isikhungo, iningi okuyinto (50% ukwabelana) akahulumeni (ngokuvamile ubuso uhulumeni). Incazelo yesibili evame ukusetshenziswa nabezindaba Russian kanye journalism. amabhange Modern enkulu nge isimo iqhaza - "VTB 24", "Savings Bank" ( "Sberbank eRussia"), "Gazprombank", "Rosselkhozbank". Futhi, non-state ( "commercial") kuyoba isikhungo credit, esigxotsheni iningi is owned by ngabanye ezizimele (elilodwa noma ngaphezulu).

Kungani "ibhange elikhulu nohlobo" akhuluma ngalo u-Ibhange State? Ikakhulu ngoba, njenge izikhungo zikahulumeni, lime commercial izikhungo abolekise, ilawula ekushayweni imali, ulawula uhlelo lwezimali lukazwelonke, ngokuvamile, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ikakhulukazi engenzi-nzuzo ukwenza, kodwa kunalokho eduze nemisebenzi isimo.

Bank State kanye non-state: umehluko oyinhloko

Inani isabelo ebhange kahulumeni - litshwayo esisemthethweni kuphela. amabhange ahulumende kanye commercial abolekise izikhungo sihluke nomunye ngenxa nezinye izinto eziningi - wakubangela, njengoba umthetho, nokuhlenga. Okulandelayo kungathiwa. State Bank ngokuvamile inikeza ukubolekisa lokuthenga ngesikweletu futhi inzalo ephansi kunalokho weemali yangasese. Isizathu salokho - izimo zokusebenza evumayo, yibhange nguhulumeni.

izikhungo Commercial malungelo akekho unika, futhi uphoqelekile isinxephezeliso ukulahlekelwa ngenxa lenyuka zenzalo. Amabhange isimo aphansi zenzalo yokuzigcina ezifakwa kuka e ezizimele, kanti nalokhu kuyaqondakala: owokuqala kukhona ithemba bendabuko sabantu, kuyilapho yokugcina bephoqeleka ukuheha kokusebenza. amabhange kahulumeni, njengoba umthetho, abazimisele ngaphezulu kumiswa Inqubomgomo tariff on mortgages ngenxa kuncishiswe ingozi (okuyinto wobujamo imakwe impatho ekhethekile ahlinzekwa nguhulumeni).

Umlando: I State Bank of the Empire, Russian

Ukuvela amabhange kahulumeni ayixhunyiwe ngenkathi sezenhlalo lapho isimo wawulawula yonke into, kuhlanganise credit izikhungo. Uhlelo yasebhange, nge nendima evelele isimo eRussia linomlando omude. I sibonelo lamadolobha esimanjemanje amabhange kahulumeni babé okuthiwa isikhungo embuso (esavela ekhulwini XVIII). Phakathi owaziwa - "Loan Bank" (eyasungulwa ngo-1733), "Bank Loan" ngoba izikhulu kanye "Bank for Commerce and abathengisi" (kokubili uvele 1754-m). Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi zonke izikhungo ezintathu ibhekene "izikweletu" waya yimali ngoba ingakwazi ukuyikhokhela sokubolekwayo.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII kwakukhona amabhange kahulumeni, ukuthatha ezifakwa (emadepho et Consignations), kukhona umkhuba capital inqwaba ngezithukuthuku imali. Ngo-1786 yafakazela 'State umhlaba ebhange ", lapho eqala prototypes izinhlelo mortgage lanamuhla ukusebenza. Ukudlulisela kuqala imali abakulowo mbuso Russian wavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. Baqala "National Commercial Bank". Ngo Maphakathi nekhulu le-zokuthenga ngesikweletu ngenkuthalo ezizimele, isabelo uhulumeni kwehle khona kuzo. Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, okungenani eziyishumi amabhange isimo wahlala eRussia, eziqhutshwa emhlabeni 50 ezizimele zezimali, kwathi angamakhulu amaningana yemali yokusizana imiphakathi, izinkulungwane izinhlangano ezincane. Ngemva-1917, uhlelo of credit izikhungo usebhekene kabusha ezinkulu.

Umlando: Isimo uhlelo yasebhange eU.SSR

AmaBolshevik ngazimemezela ayitholwa kuphela kwamandla yasebhange. Commercial izikhungo abolekise abangu uhulumeni. Oholela isikhungo sezezimali yezwe ukuthi "People sika Bank of the RSFSR" Commissariat baphendule ngabakwenzile, umsebenzi izikhungo angaphandle yavinjelwa. Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala iziphathimandla zaseSoviet likhokhele izikhungo ukunikeza abanye ukuzimela, kodwa ekupheleni 20-yalolucwaningo yomsebenzi wabo uye empeleni uba zenyathi eluhlelweni lwavelonkhe. I "isikhewu USSR", ngo kohlaka emgqeni party ukuzivocavoca ukulawula Ukukhishwa ukubolekisa, ngokwamukela imali.

Phakathi nekhulu le-20 e-USSR ke wasebenza impela kancane of credit izikhungo. The main babe "State Bank", "Ukwakhiwa Bank", "VTB", kanye ebhange imali. Eminyakeni yokwakha kabusha, kwakukhona ezinye izinkampani zomnotho - "ICB", "Zhilsotsbank", "Agroprom" futhi "Savings Bank". It wadalwa isikhungo credit ukusevisa namanye amazwe ukuthengiselana - "Vnesheconombank". Ngasekuqaleni '90s kwakukhona imithetho ukuthi wadala uhlelo yasebhange ukuthi iseduze namaqiniso okuphila kwanamuhla.

namuhla amabhange kahulumeni eRussia: Umlando

UMthetho "Ngo Amabhange Banking Umsebenzi we Russian Federation", bamukela ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, uye wathola ukuthi kukhona "ibhange elikhulu nohlobo", has a "Savings Bank", kanye izikhungo ezimele kwezohwebo. Lesi sakamuva wayegila ngesisekelo ilayisensi Central Bank, kwadingeka ilungelo lokunquma isithakazelo yabo amazinga futhi wenze lwemali ukuthengiselana. Isibalo izikhungo ezifana liye landa ngokukhulu ukushesha, ayebonakala ambalwa unyaka ngamunye. I ukuzinza kwezimali lezi "amabhange ekubalekeni" uMandela ubambekile, abaningi zonakala. Nokho, esitebeleni kunazo, babe Russian amabhange kahulumeni.

Umlando: main isimo yasebhange yezwe

"Sberbank" - ibhange likahulumeni, kubhekwa nenkampani okuholela eRussia, uye kahle ngokwaso njengoba isikhungo nge umlando ezingaphezu kuka amahlanu: e 1841 ngesinqumo somthetho koMbusi Nicholas mina, kwakukhona ukonga amabhange eRussia. Umsebenzi wabo "ukhushulelwa" phakathi izakhamuzi isimo, batshelwa, iziphi izinzuzo imali. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka phambi revolution kulezi zikhungo esinabantu abayizigidi eziningana engunyaza passbooks, kwakukhona amabhange ayizinkulungwane eziningana ukonga. Naphezu ukuguqulwa nzima eminyakeni yokuqala yokwakha sezenhlalo, amahhovisi ziye zasiza umnotho wezwe. Ikakhulukazi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, lapho izakhamuzi ungase ruble ukusiza phambi, nangemva - ukubuyisela umnotho ubhujiswe.

Savings amabhange yayikhona ngaphambi izinguquko ohlelweni Banking ngasekupheleni '80s - lokho lapho kwakukhona isikhungo credit ngagama ajwayelekile - "Savings Bank", isimo, naphezu izitayela emakethe ukwakha kabusha. ATM wabonakala kuqala. Ikakhulu ngenxa athuthukile ngesikhathi Soviet inkathi ingqalasizinda, "Sberbank eRussia" isibe ehola credit izikhungo yezwe.

Ukusetshenziswa amabhange kahulumeni umnotho

izikhathi Socialist elingemva kwethu, manje izwe lethu ekwakheni umnotho zama-Capitalist. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi akunandaba amabhange okusho, ongumnikazi isabelo esithile yifa. Nokho, Kukhona phakathi zezomnotho ukhombe umbono, akunjalo. Iqiniso lokuthi izithakazelo amabhange yangasese, njengoba umthetho, musa njalo uqondane kazwelonke: i-yokugcina kusho ukuthi izinqubo yemali kungukuthi kakhulu burdened umnotho kanye labantu ukuthola isevisi ezanele ukubolekisa kanye imali. ngamabhange, esikhundleni salokho, obakhathalelayo inzuzo futhi indima social ekuqondeni kwabo zize kamuva. Ayathanda Fanning kwamandla emali, ekhuthaza ukufuneka imali, ephakeme zenzalo, ukwanda inflow capital zokucabangela ku emabhange. umnotho kanye nomphakathi ukuzinza wezwe ngesikhathi esifanayo kungase kuhambisane ezihluzekile ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Akukhona ngentshisekelo uhulumeni futhi akudingekile kubantu abaningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze silondoloze ukuzinza kuleli zwe lidinga isimo Russian amabhange. Ukuba khona esinjalo asisho ukuthi akudingeki iyaphikisana izimiso emakethe umnotho: the amabhange kahulumeni badlala indima ebalulekile emazweni Western athuthukile.

Iqhaza engakhi amabhange kahulumeni umnotho

Kukhona umbono okuyinto namanje isetshenziswa abanye umonakalo kusuka imisebenzi amabhange state, emnothweni kazwelonke. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izazi bacubungula izinhlelo yasebhange bamazwe amaningana kweshumi ngendaba ubudlelwano phakathi umsebenzi lamabhange isimo nokungeneli kwesabelo sezimali (ie, lizinga debt umphakathi). Kwavela ukuthi izibopho iziphathimandla emalini ebolekwe angaphandle aphansi emazweni lapho zokuthenga ngesikweletu ogxile yangasese.

Lapho amabhange nge isimo iqhaza abaye baba nendima ehola esikweletini uhulumeni, ngokwesilinganiso, alandise 45% we-GDP. Emazweni ayebuswa izikhungo ukuhweba ngemali, izibopho emalini ebolekwe angaphandle phansi 7%. Nokho, ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali, lisetudlwana uthi lapho ubuswa izikhungo abolekise yangasese, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside - mayelana 0.4% we-GDP.

amabhange State phesheya: isipiliyoni German

Germany - ezweni lapho amabhange state zihluke kakhulu umkhuba imisebenzi yabo kusukela yangasese, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlobo lwesibili kwezikhungo - iningi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko aphathiswa amabhange kahulumeni German - uboleka amaphrojekthi ezifanelekayo wonke umnotho. Esikhathini amabhange kahulumeni German angakhipha credit kunalokho ezikhangayo ibhizinisi: amazinga komyalelo wokungabi 1.5-2% ngonyaka. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi zimali angaphandle Ungakwazi futhi ukubala ngale mibandela, udinga kuphela ukukhombisa isikhungo credit ukuthi iphrojekthi uyakwazi ukudala inombolo sizeable emisebenti izohlomula umnotho German.

Kukhona amabhange kahulumeni isiJalimane, sengathi kungase kuzwakale kumnandi, ukubolekisa ngaphandle kwenzalo, ngisho nalabo ezingaba, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, hhayi ukubuyela. Zonke lezi amaqiniso abonisa ukuthi mhosha ohlukanisa uhlobo "ibhange lombuso" futhi sesikweletu kobunikazi yangasese ithuthukiswe eJalimane kosozimali evelele kakhulu kuka eRussia.